Anova

ONE-SAMPLE HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
Introducing hypothesis tests
Testing hypotheses about means
Testing hypotheses about variances
2
Hypotheses, Tests, and Errors ?
Hypothesis
- It’s a tentative explanation of some process, whether

that process is natural or artificial.
Two types of Hypothesis
Null hypothesis (abbreviated Ho)- this hypothesis holds that

if the data deviate from the norm in any way, that deviation is
due strictly to chance.
Alternative hypothesis (abbreviated H1), explains things

differently. According to the alternative hypothesis, the data
show something important. 3
Decisions and Errors in Hypothesis Testing
4
Z-TEST
Suppose you think that people living in a particular zip code

have higher-than average IQs. You take a sample of 16
people from that zip code, give them IQ tests, tabulate the
results, and calculate the statistics. For the population of IQ
scores, μ = 100 and σ = 16.
The hypotheses are:

Ho: μ ZIP code ≤ 100
H1: μ ZIP code > 100
Assume σ = .05 and Critical Value Equivalent =1.65 and

Sample mean = 107.5
= (107.5-100)/(16/ 𝟏𝟔) = 1.94
Reject = Ho: Zcritical < Zcalculated

5
Activity
Twenty five high school students complete a preparation
program for taking the SAT test. Here are the SAT scores
from the 25 students who completed the SAT prep
program:
434 694 457 534 720 400 484 478 610 641 425 636 454
514 563 370 499 640 501 625 612 471 598 509 531
Given: Population Mean =500

Population SD=100
What is the Hypothesis?
6
T-TEST
FarKlempt Robotics, Inc., markets microrobots. They claim

their product averages four defects per unit. A consumer
group believes this average is higher. The consumer group
takes a sample of nine FarKlempt microrobots and finds an
average of seven defects, with a standard deviation of 3.16.
The hypothesis test is:
.
The hypotheses are:
Ho: μ Robot Unit ≤ 4
H1: μ Robot Unit > 4
Assume σ = .05 and Critical Value Equivalent =1.65 and

Sample mean =7
= (7-4)/(3.16/ 𝟗) = 2.85
Reject Ho, Tcritical < TCalculated

7
Testing a Variance
CHI-SQUARE
Used to determine whether there is a significant difference
between the expected frequencies and the observed
frequencies in one or more categories.
N is the number of scores in the sample,

s2 is the sample variance,
σ2 is the population variance specified in Ho.
8
Example
256 visual artists were surveyed to find out their zodiac sign.
The results were: Aries (29), Taurus (24), Gemini (22), Cancer
(19), Leo (21), Virgo (18), Libra (19), Scorpio (20), Sagittarius
(23), Capricorn (18), Aquarius (20), Pisces (23). Test the
hypothesis that zodiac signs are evenly distributed across
visual artists.
Step 1: Make a table with columns and Input Value
9
Example
visual artists.
Step 2: Input Expected value( assume all of them are Equal)
10
Example
visual artists.
Step 3: Get the Difference
11
Example
visual artists.
Step 4: Squared the Difference
12
Example
visual artists.
Step 4: Squared the Difference
13
Example
visual artists.
Step 4: Get the Sum of Component
14
How ANOVA Works
ANOVA compares two types of variances:
the variance within each sample
the variance between different samples.
The red arrows show the

variation of the sample means
around the grand mean (the
variance between).
The black dotted arrows show the per-sample variation of the

individual data points around the sample mean (the variance
within). 15
How to Conduct ANOVA
Student Grade
Prelim Midterm Finals
82 71 64
93 62 73
61 85 87
74 94 91
69 78 56
70 66 78
53 71 87
16
1. Set up hypotheses and
determine level of significance
H0: μPrelim = μMidterm = μFinals
H1: Means are not all equal
Significance Error
α = 0.05
Confidence level =95%, Whatever the Results we are

95% SURE!
17
2. Select the appropriate test statistic.
The test statistic is the F statistic for ANOVA,
F=MSB(Between)/MSE(Within).
Degrees
Source of of
Sums of Squares (SS) Mean Squares (MS) F
Variation Freedom
(df)
Between
Treatme k-1
nts
Error (or
Residual/ N-k
Within)
Total N-1
18
Step 3. Set up decision rule.
Find the F-Critical=(df1, df2)
Degrees of Freedom for Observations
df1= k-1 ,3-1=2
df2 = N-k, 21-3=18
Reject H0 if F > 3.55
k = the number of treatments or independent comparison

groups, and
N = total number of observations or total sample size
19
4.Compute the test statistic.
4.1. Get mean of all Sub Group
Prelim Midterm Finals
82.00 71 64
93.00 62 73
61.00 85 87
74.00 94 91
69.00 78 56
70.00 66 78
53.00 71 87
71.71 75.29 76.57

Prelim Mean Midterm Mean Finals Mean
Grand mean 74.52
20
4.2. Calculate Sum of SquareS
Sum of Squares Between
SSB=7∗(71.71−74.52) 2+7∗(75.29−74.52)2 +7∗(75.57−74.52) 2 =88.67
Sum of Squares WITHIN(ERROR)
SSE=(80−71.71)2 +(93−71.71)2 +(61−71.71)2 + ⋯ + (53−71.71) 2

+(71−75.29)2 +(62−75.29) 2 +(85−75.29)2 +….+(71−75.29)2
+(64−75.57)2 +(73−75.57)2 +(87−75.57)2 +…+(87−75.57)2
= 2,812.57
21
4.3. Calculate Mean of Squares
Mean of Squares Between
MSB=88.67/2
=44.33
Mean of Squares WITHIN(ERROR)
MSE=2,812.57 / 18
= 156.25
22
5.Compute the F- Ratio
Source of Variation Sums of Squares (SS) Degrees of Freedom (df) Mean Squares (MS) F
Between Treatments 88.67 2 44.33333333 0.28
Error (or Residual) 2,812.57 18 156.2539683
Total 2,901.24 20
23
THANK YOU!
24

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ONE-SAMPLE HYPOTHESIS

- It’s a tentative explanation of some process, whether

Null hypothesis (abbreviated Ho)- this hypothesis holds that

Alternative hypothesis (abbreviated H1), explains things

Suppose you think that people living in a particular zip code

The hypotheses are:

Assume σ = .05 and Critical Value Equivalent =1.65 and

= (107.5-100)/(16/ 𝟏𝟔) = 1.94

Reject = Ho: Zcritical < Zcalculated

Given: Population Mean =500

What is the Hypothesis?

FarKlempt Robotics, Inc., markets microrobots. They claim

Assume σ = .05 and Critical Value Equivalent =1.65 and

Reject Ho, Tcritical < TCalculated

N is the number of scores in the sample,

Step 1: Make a table with columns and Input Value

Step 2: Input Expected value( assume all of them are Equal)

Step 3: Get the Difference

Step 4: Squared the Difference

Step 4: Squared the Difference

Step 4: Get the Sum of Component

The red arrows show the

The black dotted arrows show the per-sample variation of the

H1: Means are not all equal

Confidence level =95%, Whatever the Results we are

Degrees of Freedom for Observations

df1= k-1 ,3-1=2

df2 = N-k, 21-3=18

Reject H0 if F > 3.55

k = the number of treatments or independent comparison

71.71 75.29 76.57

Sum of Squares Between

SSB=7∗(71.71−74.52) 2+7∗(75.29−74.52)2 +7∗(75.57−74.52) 2 =88.67

Sum of Squares WITHIN(ERROR)

SSE=(80−71.71)2 +(93−71.71)2 +(61−71.71)2 + ⋯ + (53−71.71) 2

Mean of Squares Between

Mean of Squares WITHIN(ERROR)

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