FIRE SAFETY AND

MEASUREMENTS
CONCERT HALLS
 INTRODUCTION
• A concert hall is a cultural building with a stage that serves as a performance venue and
an auditorium filled with seats.
• While early halls built in the 18th and 19th century were designed
for classical orchestra, concerto and opera concerts and ballet performances, halls built in the
20th and 21st century were often built to accommodate a wider range of performance types,
including musicals.
• In the 2010s, popular music such as rock music and traditional music such as folk music are also
performed in these venues.
• In many towns, the concert hall is combined with a convention center. Concert halls typically also
contain orchestral rehearsal rooms.
• Many larger cities have both public and private concert halls.
CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS AS PER NATIONAL
BUILDING CODE

•Group ‘D’ - Assembly : Theatres,

Drama Hall, Assembly Halls,
Auditorium, Exhibition, Restaurants,
Place of workship, Terminal etc.
 EXITS FROM STAGES AND ASSOCIATED AREAS, flIES
AND GRIDS
• You should have means of escape from all parts of the
stage area as follows: • There should be at least two
exits from the stage (see Figure 40).
• One of these exits should lead directly to a place of
safety, through an unventilated lobby of solid
construction having a standard of fire resistance of not
less than 30 minutes and having fire doors at each end.
• All exit doors from the stage should be free from
fastenings other than panic bolts.
 ALTERNATIVE EXITS

• Where alternative exits from a space

or room are necessary they should
wherever possible be located at least
45° apart (see Figure 26) unless the
routes to them are seperated by
fireresisting construction (see Figure
27).
 MEASURING TRAVEL DISTANCES FOR INITIAL
DEAD-END TRAVEL

• Where the initial direction of travel in an open

area (see Figure 28) or within an inner room
(see Figure 29) is in one direction only, the
travel distance (A–B) should be limited to that
for a ‘single escape route’ in Table 2.
• Any alternative exits should be positioned to
ensure a fire will not compromise both exits.
• The maximum total travel distance
recommended in Table 2 should apply to the
nearest exit (Figures 28 and 29, distance A–C).
• However, since you have two exits, your total
travel distance should not exceed that for
‘more than one escape route’ in Table 2.
 ESCAPE ROUTES WITH DEAD-END CONDITIONS

• If your premises has areas from which escape

can be made in one direction only (a dead end),
then an undetected fire in that area could affect
people trying to escape. To overcome this
problem, limit the travel distance (see Table 2)
and use one of the following solutions: • Fit an
automatic fire detection and warning system in
those areas where a fire could present a risk to
the escape route (see Figure 30). • Protect the
escape route with fire-resisting construction to
allow people to escape safely past a room in
which there is a fire (see Figure 31). • Provide an
alternative exit (see Figure 32). Alternative
approaches may be acceptable, although expert
advice may be necessary.
 CREATING A STAIRWAY BYPASS ROUTE

• No one should have to pass through a protected

stairway to reach another stairway.
• Options to avoid this include: • using
intercommunicating doors between rooms
adjacent to the stairway, such doors must be
available at all times when the building is
occupied (see Figure 39); • using balconies and
other features to bypass the stairway; or • as long
as there is enough space, create a bypass
corridor around the stairway enclosure.
 No live wires are scattered on the floor around the stage or near the entrances. If you’re making a temporary stage,
validate its strength and integrity under maximum load. Spectators’ enclosures and railings should also be inspected
similarly.

The entry and exit routes must be clearly identified and should be spacious enough to accommodate the flow of
the expected crowd. Some of the worst concert accidents have happened because of the lack of exits during a fire
or a stampede.

Fire extinguishers, first-aid kits, and other safety equipment deemed necessary must be kept within easy access
of people and in the vicinity of the hazard points. The contact numbers of the fire department, police station,
and hospital should be available with all crew members,
CASE STUDIES
 Station Nightclub Fire (Great White)

Station Nightclub Fire (Great White), Deaths:

100February 20, 2003 – West Warwick, RI, USA
Crowds were well past fire capacity the night of the
Station nightclub fire in which 100 perished seeing Great
White. The band’s tour manager set off some pyrotechnics
which set insulation ablaze and it took a while for the
audience to understand that the flames weren’t part of the
show.
Once they did, there was a mass exodus, but most tried to
leave the way they’d entered and the ensuing stampede
crushed and knocked over many who died from
suffocation, smoke inhalation or were claimed by the fire
itself. Injuries doubled the death toll at 200 and have been
life altering for many of those who survived. Great White’s
lead guitarist, Ty Longley, was killed.
WEST WARWICK, R.I. — A rock band's pyrotechnics show sparked a fire that quickly turned a popular concert venue into an inferno late Thursday, killing at least 96 people.
Almost 200 more were injured.
As firefighters pulled bodies from the rubble, attention focused on members of the 1980s-era band Great White, who used pyrotechnic sparklers to open their show before a crowd
of more than 350 fans. Moments later, flames leapt from the soundproofing foam at the rear of the stage and rapidly spread across the ceiling, engulfing the room in fire and black
smoke and triggering a stampede of frantic patrons.

The fire consumed the nightclub in three minutes. Video showed people stacked horizontally at the front entrance, gasping for air as they struggled to get out.
Most of the dead were found near the front entrance, trampled, burned or overcome by smoke. Some had sought protection in bathrooms
Beverly Hills Supper Club Fire, Deaths: 165May
28, 1977 – Southgate, KY. USA
The Beverly Hills Supper Club was a sprawling
maze of a club just across the bridge from
Cincinnati, OH. It was possible to have several
events going at the same time as was the case on
the night of the fire — simultaneous banquets,
receptions and larger events like the John
Davidson concert — all connected by narrow
passageways within the same structure.
The exact cause of the fire was never determined, but what is known is that the fire
was well underway when it was discovered by two waitresses. The ornate Cabaret
room, where two comics were warming up an audience of at least a thousand in a
space meant for about 600, held the majority of the building’s occupants.
Busboy, Walter Bailey, stopped the show to make an announcement about the fire.
Several people made their way toward the exits he’d pointed out while others didn’t
take the threat seriously. When the fire reached the room, the crowd panicked.
Bruce Rath, a firefighter interviewed in the video above says of that night:
“When I got to the inside doors, which is about 30 feet inside the building, I seen this
big double doors, and the people were stacked like cordwood. They were clear up to
the top, the people. They just kept diving on each other trying to get out. I looked back
over this pile of – it wasn’t dead people, there were dead and alive in that pile – and I
went in and I started just grabbing two at a time and pulling them off the stack, and
dragging them out, giving them to the busboys.”
. Cromañón, Deaths: 194December 30, 2004 – Buenos Aires, Argentina
Cromañón was a rock club in Barrio Once in Buenos Aires. The night of the fire, República
Cromañón was packed with an estimated 3,000 revelers to see the band Callejeros, nearly three
times the amount it was zoned for.
The club had several doors that were permanently locked shut and emergency exits were fenced
off to prevent people from sneaking in and avoiding a cover charge. The boliche hadn’t been
inspected, and had no sprinkler system.
The fire was likely started by an audience member who set off a firework, probably something
similar to a Roman candle, despite this having been directly discouraged by the lead singer of
Callejeros. Others say it was the band’s manager that started the fire. Netting near the ceiling
caught fire and spread quickly.
Most of the casualties were a result of inhaling smoke and toxic fumes rather than being crushed
or burned.This video shows unburned shoes left behind and a club that doesn’t show the fire
damage you’d expect in light of the death toll

Some of those who survived told of panic,

chaos and horror in the snug nightclub with a
low ceiling. The dimensions of the club added to
the danger. Patrons had 30 seconds, at most, to
escape. The thick smoke obscured vision,
preventing victims from reaching one of the
four designated fire exits.
 MUSICOLOGY TRIANGLE BUILDING

• A CLAM VILLAGE CALLED AIN STADE OR “SPRING OF HAPPINESS”IS LOCATED

AT THE NORTH EAST OF BEIRUT ,THE CAPITAL OF LEBANON .IT OVER LOOK
THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA .
• PLOT AREA : 68049 m2
MUSICOLOGY TRIANGLE BUILDING
MUSICOLOGY TRIANGLE BUILDING
Maximum travel distance 30m
Assembly buildings door size – 2m min

Thread -150-190mm
Riser - 150mm max 15 steps
DONE BY

• CHARAN
• JAYASURATHA
• KAVIYA
• MOHAMED JAVED
• NIKITHA RANGANATH
• SUGANYA
• VYSHIKA
• MONICA