Microproessor

- Microprocessor and its components -

Qisthi Al Hazmi HR., S.T., M.T.
 Outline
1. Overview of Microprocessor
2. Characteristics of Microprocessor
1. Clock Speed
2. Instruction Set
3. Word Size
3. Microprocessor’s Components
1. CPU
2. Memory
3. Bus
BREAK
 Overview of a Microprocessor
• Like a brain of a computer
• Multipurpose devices that can be designed for generic or
specialized functions
• Each microprocessor has different instructions
• Microcomputer is a microprocessor system that has, at least,
CPU, ROM, RAM, and I/O device
• Microcontroller is a silicon chip which includes microprocessor,
memory and I/O in a single package
CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROPROCESSOR
 Clock Speed
• Every Microprocessor has an internal clock that regulates the
speed at which it executes instructions and also synchronizes it
with other components.
• The speed for microprocessor to execute the instructions is
called clock speed
• Measured in Hz (Hertz) ; 1 MHz = 1 Million cycles per seconds
 Instruction Set
• A command given to a digital machine to perform an operation
on a piece of data is called a instruction
• Basic set of machine level instructions that a microprocessor is
designed to execute is called instruction set
• These instructions do carry out these types of operations:
– Data transfer (eg: move data from register A to register B)
– Arithmetic operations (eg: add register to accumulator)
– Logical operations (eg: AND register with accumulator)
– Control flow (eg: call the subroutine identified by the operand)
– I/O and machine control (eg: Push the content of register pair to
stack)
 Word Size
• Number of bits that can be processed by a processor in a single
instruction is called word size
• It determines the amount of RAM that can be accessed at one
go and total number of pins on the microprocessor
• First microprocessor, Intel 4004, was a 4-bit processor and had
4 input pins and 4 output pins
 Addressable
Memory, bytes = 2^A

(A)

Increase Increase
MICROPROCESSOR’S COMPONENTS
 Central Processing Unit
• Is fabricated as a very large scale integrated circuit (VLSI) and
has parts:
– Instruction Register: holds the instruction to be executed
– Decoder: converts the instruction to machine level language and
sends to the ALU
– Arithmetic Logic Unit: has necessary circuits to perform arithmetic,
logical, memory, register, and program sequencing operations
– Register: holds intermediate results obtained during program
processing. Registers are used for holding such results rather than
RAM because accessing register is almost 10 times faster than
accessing RAM
 Memory
• Has two types of memory:
– RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory that gets erased
when power is switched off. All data and instructions are stored in
RAM
– ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory whose data
remains intact even after power is switched off. Microprocessor can
read from it any time it wants but cannon write to it.
 Bus
• Connection lines used to connect the internal parts of the
microprocessor chip is called bus. There are three types of
buses:
– Data Bus
– Address Bus
– Control Bus
 Address Bus
• Unidirectional bus which is A0 – A7 (256 address) = I/O and
responsible for carrying A8 – A15 (256 address) = Buffer
address of a memory location
or I/O port from CPU to
memory or I/O port
• 16 Address Bus means the
microprocessor has A0 to A15
address bus
• Address (memory) total = 2n;
n = address bus total
– Eg: A microprocessor has 16
address bus, then 216 = 65536
 Data Bus
• Lines that carry data to and from memory are called data bus
• Bidirectional bus with width equal to word length of the
microprocessor
• Symbol: D; eg. Z80 has 8 Data Bus means D0 – D7 or 8 bit data
• In Microcomputer, the data bus is used by all devices in
computer
 Control Bus
• Lines that carry control signal like clock signal, interrupt signal,
or ready signal are called control bus
– Signal that denotes that a device is ready for processing is called
ready signal
– Signal that indicates to a device to interrupt its process is called an
interrupt signal
• They are bidirectional
• Has two groups:
– Output control bus: from microprocessor to supporting device
– Input control bus: from supporting device to microprocessor
Bus
THANK YOU
 Outline
1. Overview of Microprocessor
2. Characteristics of Microprocessor
1. Clock Speed
2. Instruction Set
3. Word Size
3. Microprocessor’s Components
1. CPU
2. Memory
3. Bus
 FIND ME MORE!
• Data transfer (1)
• Arithmetic operations (2)
• Logical operations (3)
• Control flow (4)
• I/O and machine control (5)
• Instruction Sets of Microprocessor 8086 (6)
• Example of Address Bus (6)
• Example of Data Bus (7)