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• https://youtu.be/NJzJKvkWWDc
Coronary Artery Bypass with Sevak Darbinian, MD
https://youtu.be/UY2xGiOwe2o
• Plasma
• It consists of 91% water and 9% salts (ions) and
organic molecules.
• Plasma proteins are the most abundant organic
molecules.
6.1 Blood: An Overview
stem cells
capillary
.
6.2 Red Blood Cells and Transport of Oxygen
1. Low O2
blood level
Normal O2
blood level
2. Kidney increases
production of
erythropoietin.
4. O2 blood level
returns to normal.
Agranular leukocytes
• Lymphocytes Responsible for specific
immunity; B cells produce
antibodies; T cells destroy
cancer and virus-infected
cells.
• Monocytes Become macrophages that
phagocytize pathogens
and cellular debris.
• Eosinophil https://youtu.be/tRgq3v1W61w
• Basophil
prothrombin activator
3. Platelets and damaged tissue
cells release prothrombin Ca2+
activator, which initiates a prothrombin thrombin
cascade of enzymatic reactions.
Ca2+
fibrinogen fibrin threads
a. Blood-clotting process
fibrin threads
red blood cell
• https://youtu.be/KXTF7WehgM8
What disorders involve platelets?
• Thrombocytopenia – a disorder in which the number
of platelets is too low due to not enough being made
in the bone marrow or the increased breakdown
outside the marrow
anti-B antibodies
• https://youtu.be/L06TJTMVkBo
type A antigen type B antigen
Type A blood. Red blood cells have type A surface Type B blood. Red blood cells have type B surface
antigens. Plasma has anti-B antibodies. antigens. Plasma has anti-A antibodies.
type A antigen
anti-A antibody
• Functions
• Substance carrier
• Blood buffer
• Major contributor of plasma osmotic pressure
• Viscosity
2.5 µm
7.5 µm
• Normal values
• Males - 13–18g/100ml;
Females - 12–16 g/100ml
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Hemoglobin Structure
• Stimulates erythropoiesis
• Released by kidneys (some from liver) in response
to hypoxia
1 Stimulus:
Hypoxia
5 O2-carrying (inadequate O2
ability of blood delivery) due to
rises. • Decreased
RBC count
• Decreased amount
of hemoglobin
• Decreased
availability of O2
4 Enhanced
erythropoiesis
increases RBC count. 2 Kidney (and liver to
a smaller extent)
releases
3 Erythropoietin
erythropoietin.
stimulates red
bone marrow.
4 New erythrocytes
enter bloodstream;
function about 120
days.
Hemoglobin
Heme Globin
Food nutrients
Stercobilin (amino acids, Fe,
is excreted B12, and folic acid)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. in feces. are absorbed from
intestine and enter
blood.
Anemia
• http://youtu.be/_ZV5140OykE
• = low O2-carrying capacity
• Sign rather than disease itself
• Blood O2 levels cannot support normal metabolism
• Accompanied by fatigue, pallor, shortness of
breath, and chills
• Three groups
• Blood loss
• Low RBC production
• High RBC destruction
• http://youtu.be/Qd0HrY2NlwY
• Hemoglobin S
• One amino acid wrong in a globin beta chain
• RBCs crescent shaped when unload O2 or blood O2
low
• RBCs rupture easily and block small vessels
• Poor O2 delivery; pain
• Polycythemia vera
• Bone marrow cancer excess RBCs
• Severely increased blood viscosity
• Secondary polycythemia
• Less O2 available (high altitude) or EPO production
increases higher RBC count
• Blood doping
http://youtu.be/0TvTyj5FAaQ
• Red-staining granules
• Bilobed nucleus
• Granules lysosome-like
• Release enzymes to digest parasitic worms
• Role in allergies and asthma
• Role in modulating immune response
• Rarest WBCs
• Nucleus deep purple with 1-2 constrictions
• Large, purplish-black (basophilic) granules
contain histamine
• Histamine: inflammatory chemical that acts as
vasodilator to attract WBCs to inflamed sites
Neutrophil:
Multilobed nucleus,
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pale red and blue
cytoplasmic granules
Figure 17.10b Leukocytes.
Granulocytes
Eosinophil:
Bilobed nucleus, red
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cytoplasmic granules
Figure 17.10c Leukocytes.
Granulocytes
Basophil:
Bilobed nucleus,
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purplish-black
cytoplasmic granules
Agranulocytes
• Agranulocytes
• Lack visible cytoplasmic granules
• Have spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei
• Two types
• T lymphocytes (T cells) act against virus-infected
cells and tumor cells
• B lymphocytes (B cells) give rise to plasma cells,
which produce antibodies
Lymphocyte (small):
Large spherical
nucleus, thin rim of
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pale blue cytoplasm
Figure 17.10e Leukocytes.
Agranulocytes
Monocyte:
Kidney-shaped
nucleus, abundant
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pale blue cytoplasm
Leukocyte disorders
• Leukopenia
• Abnormally low WBC count—drug induced
• Leukemias – all fatal if untreated
• Cancer overproduction of abnormal WBCs
• Named according to abnormal WBC clone involved
• Myeloid leukemia involves myeloblast descendants
• Lymphocytic leukemia involves lymphocytes
• Acute leukemia derives from stem cells;
primarily affects children
• Chronic leukemia more prevalent in older
people
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Leukemia
• https://youtu.be/HFNWGCx_Eu4
Step 3 Coagulation
• Fibrin forms a mesh that traps
red blood cells and platelets,
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Fibrin forming the clot.
Figure 17.15 Scanning electron micrograph of erythrocytes trapped in a fibrin mesh.
• Aspirin
• Heparin
• Warfarin (Coumadin)
• Prophylaxsis to atrial fibrillation
• Interferes with action of vitamin K
• Dabigatran inhibits thrombin
• – USUALLY Genetic
• Symptoms include prolonged bleeding,
especially into joint cavities
• Treated with plasma transfusions and injection
of missing factors
RBCs
Type A (contains
agglutinogen A;
agglutinates with anti-A)
Type B (contains
agglutinogen B;
agglutinates with anti-B)
Type O (contains no
agglutinogens; does not
agglutinate with either
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serum)
Restoring Blood Volume
• https://youtu.be/HQWlcSp9Sls
• https://youtu.be/9-XoM2144tk