In the name of Allah the Most Gracious the Most Merciful

Hydrology
&
Water Resources
Management
 Self Introduction
Name: CH. KARAMAT ALI
Qualification:
B.sc. Civil Engineering, UET, Lahore
M.Sc. Hydraulic Engineering,
New Castle Upon tyne England
Ph.D.(Sch.) Course Work completed and Research in progress.
Service Profile:
 Joined as SDO in Irrigation Department during (1978) Worked as Executive Engineering, Superintending
Engineering in the Irrigation Department
 Worked as Deputy Secretary Irrigation & Deputy Director Anti-Corruption Faisalabad
 Worked as Senior Engineer NESPAK (1983 to 1988)
 Worked as Chief Water Supply & Sanitation in Punjab P&D Department (2005 to 2010)
 Promoted as chief Engineer and Posted as Chief Engineer Faisalabad Zone and Chief Engineer P&R
 Posted as General Manager PIDA (2010 to 2012)
 Finally Retired as Chief Engineer Irrigation Department (2013)
Participation in Conferences
 Conducted Workshops / Seminars at Civil Divisional Level on involvement and Sanitations.
 Delivered Lectures to the Senior Officers in Punjab Engineering Academy in Technical Accounting &
Environment Fields Since 1990 to date.
 Participated in National & International Conferences held in Thyland, Singa pur and Bangladesh
Present Position
 Working as Head of Water Sector in University of Lahore
HYDROLOGY & WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
(CE3505) CH (2+1)

Objective:

To enable students to learn broad areas of hydrological engineering and principles of

water management particularly in irrigated agriculture.

Course Contents:

Introduction: Hydrology, hydrologic cycle and the hydrologic equation, practical uses
of hydrology, importance of hydrology.

Meteorology: The atmosphere and its composition, relative humidity, dew point and
their measurement devices. Saturation deficit. The general circulation of wind system,
the monsoons and western disturbances. Measurement of air temperature, relative

humidity, radiation, sunshine , atmospheric pressure and wind velocity & direction.
Precipitation: Types of precipitation, factors necessary for the formation of
precipitation, measurement of precipitation, interpretation of precipitation data,

computation of average rainfall over a basin.

Evaporation and Transpiration: Factors affecting evaporation, measurement of

evaporation, evapo-transpiration.
Stream Flow: Water Stage and its measurement, selection of site for stage recorder,
selection of control and metering section, methods of measurement of stream flow,
interpretation of stream flow data.

Runoff: Runoff understanding, rainfall runoff relationship, factors affecting runoff,

calculation of runoff from a watershed through graphical and empirical methods.

Hydrograph analysis: Characteristic of Hydrograph, components of a hydrograph,

hydrograph separation, estimating the volume of direct runoff, introduction to unit
hydrograph concept, S-curve, Application of probability in determining
maxima/minima of discharge. Types of histogram and distribution
Stream Flow Routing: Introduction to floods and its causes, frequency and duration
analysis. Reservoir routing, channel routing.

Groundwater: Introduction, sources and discharge of ground water. Water table and
artesian aquifer, ground hydraulics, pumping test.

Flood disaster and management: Definition, causes of flood, types and stages of
flood, flood disaster, flood management/control through structural and non structural
measures.

Book Recommended
1. Warren Viessman, Jr. and Gary L. Lewis, Introduction to Hydrology, 5th Edition
Prentice Hall
2. R. K. Linsley, Max A. Kohler, and Joseph L. Paulhus, Hydrology for Engineers by
(Latest edition)
3. Linsley, R. K., J. Franzini, Water Resources Engineering, McGraw Hill.
4. David, A. Chin, Water Resources Engineering, John Wiley & Sons.
 Hydrology & Water Resources Management
The student after studying the subject will be capable to:-

S. CLOs Domain and Level CLOs and

NO. C:Cognitive PLOs
P: Psychomotor
A: Affective

1 Understand various terms used in Water Resources and their empirical C-1 & C-2 P-1
relationships.
2 Apprehend the mechanism of Hydrological cycle and its role in water C-3 & C-4 P-2
balance. Rainfall – Runoff correlation with particular emphasis on
Hydrograph analysis.

3 Analyze Ground water potential, designing of tube wells installed in C-4 & C-5 P-2 & P-3
confined/unconfined aquifer and their impact on Ground Water
Resources.
4 Understand the Flood management through channel/reservoir routing C-2 — C-4 P-2
using Muskingum method and Infrastructure development

5 Visualize and quantify surface and sub-surface flow parameters based P-4 P-4 & P-5
on group work in the laboratory leading to the designing and testing of
their own experiments.

6 Show concern and interest in the subject and responsibility in A-1 P-4 & P-8
assignments and presentations A-2
A-3
 Preface to the Second Edition

On joining the University and allocation of this subject to the undersigned, it was
observed that no standard document was available on the subject. Faculty members were
teaching and evaluating the subject differently and ultimately the students were suffering.
In order to provide a “unified course content” a document was drafted during 2014, which
covers the main scope of the syllabus. This document is being referred as a guideline both for
faculty members as well as for the Students. However the same has been reviewed. Omissions
rectified and some additional material included. Furthermore, the PEC/HEC has now
introduced a new system of education, which mainly focuses on the outcome based. The
course content has also been revised and made consistent to the HEC guidelines.
It is expected that this document will now prove more helpful and a source of learning in
line with OBE requirements. The document is reasonably productive and useful for the students
for their academic guidance and preparation of test/interviews. It is also expected that
Professional Engineers will also be benefited through this material as it provides appropriate
information relevant to the basic Hydrological system.

Ch. Karamat Ali

Chief Engineer (R) Irrigation
Dated: Sept. 10th, 2017 In charge Water Sector UOL
Lecture 1
Introduction
Hydrology and
Water Resources
Management
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY

• Hydrology is the branch of science which deals with all

water on earth. Its occurrence, distribution and
circulation. Its physical and chemical properties and effect
on the environment/life of all forms.
• Hydrology also deals with generation of precipitation, its
transportation through air, falling down to the Ground
Surface, percolation and ultimately flow to the Ground
Water.
• Thus this is a science which deals with various
phases of Hydrological Cycle as shown here after.
Hydrology Cycle

11
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY
 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY

Estimates of the World’s Water Quantities/ Water Budget

Components Volume (106 km3) %Age

Oceans 1370 94.2

Groundwater 60 4.13

Ice sheets and glaciers 24 1.65

Surface water on land 0.28 0.019

Soil moisture 0.08 0.0055

Rivers 0.0012 0.00008

Atmospheric vapour 0.014 0.00096

Total:- 100.00%
 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY
Forms of Precipitation
Drizzle : When the size of water droplets is under 0.5 mm, and its
intensity is < 0.01 mm per hour.

Rain : When the size of the drops is more than 0.5 mm. The upper
size of water drop is generally 6.25 mm, as drops greater
than this tend to break up as they fall through the air.

Glaze : When the drizzle or rain freezes as it comes in contact with

cold objects, it is known as glaze.

Snow : It is precipitation in the form of ice crystal resulting from

sublimation of water vapors directly to ice.

Hail : Hail is lumps or bulbs of ice over 5 mm diameter formed by

alternate freezing or melting as they are carried up and down
in highly turbulent air currents.
 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY
Types of Precipitation
 Precipitation is often classified according to the factors
responsible for lifting of air as under:-

i) Cyclonic Precipitation

ii) Convective Precipitation

iii) Orographic Precipitation

i. Cyclonic Precipitation
Cyclonic precipitation results from “lifting of air masses
converging into low pressure area of cyclone”. It is further
classified as tropical and extra-tropical. Tropical Cyclone results
into heavy rain falls and floods, whereas in extra-tropical, the rain
fall is lower and of longer duration.

Continued…
PRECIPITATION AND ITS MEASUREMENTS
 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY
ii. Convective Precipitation
 Convective precipitation is caused by natural rising of warmer
lighter air in colder, denser surroundings, at high altitude. The
difference in temperature may result from unequal heating at
the surface, unequal cooling at the top of the air layer, or
mechanical lifting when air is forced to pass over a denser
colder air masses.
 Convective precipitation is spotty and its intensity may
vary form light showers to cloud bursts.

iii. Orographic Precipitation

 Orographic precipitation is due to the lifting of warm moisture
laden air mass due to topographic barriers (such as
mountains).
 Precipitation is heavier on wind word slops and lighter
on the leeward slop and the over all rainfall is general
low.
4.5.2 CONVECTIVE PRECIPITATION
On a hot day, the ground surface is heated unequally and so is the air near the
ground surface. This causes air that is heated more to rise in atmosphere, to cool and
then to condense resulting into precipitation. Such type of precipitation is called
convective precipitation and normally covers a small area for a short duration but
has a high intensity.
CONVECTIVE PRECIPITATION
4.5.3 OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION
When the winds carrying sufficient water vapour are obstructed by a range
of hills or mountains, they are mechanically lifted up. During this lifting, the
air is cooled and condensation takes Place. This results in heavy
precipitation on the windward side and the precipitation on the leeward side
reduces substantially.
The precipitation caused due to the obstruction by mountains is called
orographic precipitation. In India, precipitation is mostly due to this type.
Figure 4.1 shows a specific case of orographic precipitation.
OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY

Practical applications of Hydrology

Following are the main areas which requires comprehensive

hydrological background and its application

• Design of Hydrological Structures

• Municipal and Industrial Water Supply
• Irrigation
• Hydropower
Flood Control
• Navigation
• Erosion and Sediment Control
• Pollution Abatement