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EQUATIONS
MATH 15-1
LINEAR ALGEBRA
Week 2
Skills Objectives
• Determine whether a given equation is linear.
• Determine whether a given n-tuple is a solution of a linear
system.
• Find the augmented matrix of a linear system.
• Find the linear system corresponding to a given augmented
matrix.
• Recognize whether a given matrix is in row echelon or
reduced row echelon form or neither.
• Construct solutions to linear systems whose corresponding
augmented matrices are in REF or RREF.
• Use Gaussian and Gauss Jordan elimination to find the
general solution of a linear system and a homogeneous linear
system.
• Solve real life application problems.
A linear equation is a first degree equation in n variables 𝑥1 ,𝑥2 , …,
𝑥𝑛 that can be expressed as
𝒂𝟏 𝒙𝟏 +𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +….+𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 = b
where 𝑎1 ,𝑎2 ,…,𝑎𝑛 and b are constants, and the a’s are not all zero.
In the special case where b=0, then the equation of the form
𝒂𝟏 𝒙𝟏 +𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +….+𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 = 𝟎
is called a homogeneous linear equation in the variables, 𝑥1 ,𝑥2 , …,
𝑥𝑛 .
0 1 −1 0 100
0 0 1 −1 −500
Augmented matrix
1 −1 0 0 300
−1 0 0 1 100
1 −1 0 0 300 1 −1 0 0 300
0 0 1 −1 −500 0 0 1 −1 −500
R3↔R1 R1+R4→R4
0 1 −1 0 100 0 1 −1 0 100
−1 0 0 1 100 0 −1 0 1 400
1 −1 0 0 300 1 −1 0 0 300
0 1 −1 0 100 0 1 −1 0 100
R3↔R2 R2+R4→R4
0 0 1 −1 −500 0 0 1 −1 −500
0 −1 0 1 400 0 0 −1 1 500
1 −1 0 0 300
0 1 −1 0 100
R3+R4→R4
0 0 1 −1 −500
0 0 0 0 0
R3: x3-x4=-500 let x4 =t; t∈ ℝ then x3= -500+t
R2: x2-x3=100 then x2= 100+x3 or x2=-400+t
R1: x1=300+x2 then x1=3000-400+t or x1=-100+t
Cont’n. solution to traffic
To keep the traffic flowing, keep the flowrates non-negative so
that the minimum flow along road from A to B is 500.
Let t=500 then x4=500
x3= -500+500 =0
x2= -400+500=100
x1=-100+500 = 400
Using Matlab
• A chemical equation is said to be balanced if for each type of atom
in the reaction, the same number of atoms appears on each side of
the arrow.
Example: Balance the chemical equation
1 0 −3 0 0 1 0 −3 0 0
1 0 0 −1 0 0 0 3 −1 0
-R1+R2→ R2
0 3 0 −1 0 0 3 0 −1 0
0 −4 −4 0 0 0 4 −4 0 0
1 0 −3 0 0
1 1 0 1 −1 0 0
- R4→R4; R3→R3; R4↔R2
4 3 0 1 0 −1/3 0
0 0 3 −1 0
1 0 −3 0 0
0 1 −1 0 0
-R2+R3→R3; -R3→R3;
0 0 1 −1/3 0
0 0 3 −1 0
1 0 −3 0 0 1 0 −3 0 0
1 0 1 −1 0 0 0 1 −1 0 0
R4 → R4 R -R →R ;
3 0 0 1 −1/3 0 3 4 4 0 0 1 −1/3 0
0 0 1 −1/3 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1
From R3: x3- x4 =0 let x4=t ; then x3= 𝑡
3 3
1
From R2: x2-x3=0 or x2= t
3
From R1:x1-3x3=0 or x1=t t=3 or x1=3; x2=1; x3=1;x4=3
Leontief Input-Output Models
Wassily Leontief- worked on the economic modeling in which he used matrix
methods to study the relationships between different sectors in the economy.
Input-Output Models in an Economy
• The economy is divided into sectors and their interaction with each other
For example, a simple economy might be divided into three sectors-
manufacturing, agriculture and utilities. A sector will produce certain
outputs but will require inputs from the other sectors and itself. The
agricultural sector may produce wheat as an output but will require
input of farm machinery from the manufacturing sector, electrical
power from the utilities sector, and food from its own sector to feed
its workers.
• The economy becomes a network in which inputs and outputs flow in and
out of the sectors.
• The study in which inputs and outputs flow in and out of economic sectors
is called an input-output analysis.
Leontief Input-Output Models
• Most sectors of an economy will produce outputs, but there may exist
sectors that consume outputs without producing anything themselves
(consumer market).
Open Sectors- sectors that do not produce outputs
Closed Economies-economies with no open sectors
Open Economies- economies with one or more open sectors
Manufacturing Agriculture
Open Sector
Utilities
Leontief Input-Output Models
Consider a simple open economy with one open sector and
three product-producing sectors: manufacturing, agriculture,
and utilities. Assume that inputs and outputs are measured in
dollars and that the inputs required by the productive sectors to
produce one dollar’s worth of output in accordance with the
given.
Input required per Dollar Output