GIS Applications in Civil

Engineering

Carolyn J. Merry

Dept. of Civil & Environmental

Engineering & Geodetic Science
College of Engineering
merry.1@osu.edu

Fundamentals of GIS
 Civil Engineering Applications

• Transportation
• Watershed analysis
• Remote sensing

Fundamentals of GIS
 Location-Allocation
• Finding a subset of locations from a set
of potential or candidate locations that
best serve some existing demand so as
minimize some cost
• Locate sites to best serve allocated
demand
• Application areas are warehouse
location, fast food locations, fire
stations, schools

Fundamentals of GIS
 Location-Allocation Inputs

• Customer or demand locations

• Potential site locations and/or
existing facilities
• Street network or Euclidean
distance
• The problem to solve

Fundamentals of GIS
 Location-Allocation Outputs

• The best sites

• The optimal allocation of demand
locations to those sites
• Lots of statistical and summary
information about that particular
allocation

Fundamentals of GIS
 Initial Configuration

(From Jay Sandhu, ESRI) Fundamentals of GIS

 Available Sites

(From Jay Sandhu, ESRI) Fundamentals of GIS

 Final Configuration

(From Jay Sandhu, ESRI) Fundamentals of GIS

 Vehicle Routing

(From Jay Sandhu, ESRI) Fundamentals of GIS

 Synergy between spatial data
and analysis
• Imagine you are a national
retailer
• You need warehouses to supply
your outlets
• You do not wish the warehouses
to be more than 1000 km from
any outlet

(Example from Jay Sandhu, ESRI) Fundamentals of GIS

 Demand (population density)

(From Jay Sandhu, ESRI) Fundamentals of GIS

 Possible Candidate Sites…?

(From Jay Sandhu, ESRI) Fundamentals of GIS

 Feasible Candidate Sites

(From Jay Sandhu, ESRI) Fundamentals of GIS

 Optimal One Site

(From Jay Sandhu, ESRI) Fundamentals of GIS

 Optimal Two Sites

(From Jay Sandhu, ESRI) Fundamentals of GIS

 Optimal Six Sites

(From Jay Sandhu, ESRI) Fundamentals of GIS

 Optimal Nine Sites

(From Jay Sandhu, ESRI) Fundamentals of GIS

 Coverage vs. Distance

(From Jay Sandhu, ESRI) Fundamentals of GIS

Other Transportation Applications
• Planning & locating new roadway
corridors

(from NCRST-E)
Fundamentals of GIS
 Transportation – Emergency Operations

• Transportation maps are critical

• Disaster response plans can be
developed
• Outside computer models used for
advance warnings
• Land use maps enhance emergency
operations

Fundamentals of GIS
 Standard Deviation in
Standard Deviation in Mean Household Evacuation
Evacuation scenario Mean Household Evacuation
Household Time
Time
Household Evacuation
Evacuation Time
Time

(1 exit route) (2 exit routes)

(from NCRST-H)
Fundamentals of GIS
 Watershed Characterization

• Relate physical characteristics to

water quality & quantity
• Data – land use & land cover,
geology, soils, hydrography &
topography – related to hydrological
properties

Fundamentals of GIS
 Watershed Applications
• Estimate the magnitude of high-flow
events, the probability of low-flow
events
• Determine flood zones
• Identify high-potential erosion areas
• For example, BASINS, HEC-RAS,
MIKE11 models integrated with GIS

Fundamentals of GIS
 Cross sections Boundary conditions

 cross sections  gaging station

 assumed cross sections  water treatment plant
 boundary conditions  wastewater treatment plant
 700
measured
calculated
600

500
Flow (m3/sec)

400

300

200

100

0
11/1/1998 2/9/1999 5/20/1999 8/28/1999 12/6/1999 3/15/2000
Time (date)

03231500
 Slope Stability Analysis

• Derive physical characteristics

– area, perimeter, flow path length, maximum
width, average closing angle, watershed
topology, soil data

• Derive watershed characteristics

– watershed boundaries, drainage network,
slope & aspect maps

Fundamentals of GIS
 Portage River Basin, Ohio

DEM with drainage network

Watersheds Hydrologic models Land use

USGS empirical method
TR55
Area- Discharge method
ADAPT model

ADAPT's Hydrological Output for Needles Creek at County Line Rd for 2001
ADAPT
Pressure Transducer
0.70

0.60
Total daily runoff ( in)

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10
Soils types 0.00
120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
Days
 Remote Sensing

• Image backdrop
• Source of information on:
– land use/land cover
– vegetation type, distribution, condition
– surface waters
– river networks
– geomorphology
– monitor change

Fundamentals of GIS
1984 Land Use Map

Land use

Water: 249.43 km2

Urban: 1348.53 Km2
Forest: 10700.92 km2
Agriculture: 17780.62 km2
Pasture: 175.50 km2
Grass: 2609.45 km2
1999 Land Use Map

Land use

Water: 268.74 km2

Urban: 2312.35 Km2
Forest: 11182.39 km2
Agriculture: 16675.65 km2
Pasture: 1308.23km2
Grass: 1518.18 km2
Urban Area Change from 1984 - 1999
Landuse 1984(km 2) 1999(km 2) C hange %
A shland U rban 25 52 35.7
A shland A griculture 504 479 -2.6
C raw ford U rban 26 43 24.9
C raw ford A griculture 723 804 5.3
D elaw are U rban 42 98 40.5
D elaw are A griculture 707 657 -3.6
Fairfield U rban 36 94 44.5
Fairfield A griculture 737 660 -5.5
Franklin U rban 411 685 25.0
Franklin A griculture 613 410 -19.8
H olm es U rban 17 47 46.4
H olm es A griculture 403 385 -2.3
K nox U rban 17 37 37.1
K nox A griculture 658 626 -2.5
Licking U rban 54 102 31.2
Licking A griculture 858 725 -8.4
M adison U rban 22 37 25.0
M adison A griculture 898 1017 6.2
M arion U rban 44 64 18.3
M arion A griculture 743 819 4.9
M orrow U rban 12 22 31.2
M orrow A griculture 615 662 3.7
Perry U rban 14 26 32.0
Perry A griculture 366 224 -24.0
R ichland U rban 47 73 21.5
R ichland A griculture 587 594 0.6
U nion U rban 30 42 17.1
U nion A griculture 792 849 3.5
W ayne U rban 77 106 15.8
W ayne A griculture 715 751 2.4
W yandot U rban 27 69 44.7
Urban Area, 1984 W yandot A griculture 784 787 0.2
Urban Area, 1999
MSS data - 19 Jun 75 MSS data - 1 Aug 86 TM data - 22 Jun 92
 Stream Water Quality in the Maumee River Basin

Maumee River Basin

9 Landsat-7 images over

the Waterville station in the
Maumee River Basin were
selected.
A 3-by-3 pixel window over
the Waterville station for
each date was converted to
% reflectance values. A
least squares regression
was used to correlate these
% reflectance values with
USGS ground data on
suspended sediment
concentration collected at
the Waterville station.

Fundamentals of GIS
 Suspended Sediment Concentration Model
Waterville Station – Maumee River Basin, Ohio

Date Suspended Sediment Average

Concentration (mg/L) Reflectance (%)
15-Jul-99 27 11.6
16-Aug-99 22 9.1
1-Sep-99 19 8.2
17-Sep-99 14 7.8
4-Nov-99 8 4.5
27-Mar-00 56 9.5
100
14-May-00 45 12.9

Suspended Sediment Concentration

1-Jul-00 62 9.8
19-Sep-00 81 14.8

(%) Proposed Equation r (mg/L)

Ln(Y) = -0.125 + 1.39Ln(B2) + 1.03Ln(B3/B4) 84.1

Y = Predicted Suspended Sediment Concentration (mg/L) 10

4 6 8 10 12 14 16
B1,B2,B3,B4 = Reflectance (%) in ETM+ Bands 1,2,3,4
Reflectance (%)
W W

27 March 2000 (56) 14 May 2000 (62)

W
W Scale (Km)

20 0

1 July 2000 (45) 19 September 2000 (81)

 Example Applications

• Links to websites
– The District
– Urban development
– Lake Superior
– Rutgers University
– OhioView

Fundamentals of GIS