1523

Weak Bases
 in weak bases, only a small fraction of

molecules accept H’s
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
 weak electrolyte
 most of the weak base molecules do not

take H+ from water
 much less than 1% ionization in water
 [HO–] << [weak base]
 finding the pH of a weak base solution is

similar to finding the pH of a weak acid
1
2
Find the pH of 0.100 M NH3(aq) solution given Kb for
NH3 = 1.76 x 10-5
Write the reaction for the

base with water NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
Construct an ICE table for
[NH33] [NH44++] [OH]
the reaction
initial
initial 0.100 0 ≈0
Enter the initial change
change
concentrations –
assuming the [OH-] from equilibrium
equilibrium
water is ≈ 0
since no products initially, Qc = 0, and the reaction is proceeding forward
3
NH3 = 1.76 x 10-5
represent the change in

the concentrations in [NH3] [NH4+] [OH]
terms of x initial 0.100 0 0
change
sum the columns to find
-x +x +x
the equilibrium 0.100 -x
concentrations in terms of
equilibrium x x
x
Kb =
[NH +4 ][OH- ]
=
( x )( x )
[NH 3 ] ( - x)
substitute into the -1
equilibrium constant 1.00 ´10
expression
4
NH3 = 1.76 x 10-5
determine the value of [NH3] [NH4+] [OH]

Kb from Table 15.8
initial 0.100 0 ≈0
since Kb is very small, change -x +x +x
approximate the [NH3]eq
= [NH3]init and solve for x equilibrium 0.100
0.100-x x x
KKb b==
[
éë NHNH 4 4û]ë[
++
ù é OH -
]
ùû
=
( x()x()x( x) )
x= (1.76 ´10-5
)(1.00 ´10-1
)
[[NH
NH33]] (1.00
1.00´10 ´10 -) x )
-1
-1
x 2 x = 1.33 ´10-3
-5
1.76 ´10 = -1
1.00 ´10
5
NH3 = 1.76 x 10-5
check if the [NH3] [NH4+] [OH]

approximation is valid
initial 0.100 0 ≈0
by seeing if x < 5% of
[NH3]init change -x +x +x
equilibrium 0.100 x x
x = 1.33 x 10-3
1.33 ´10 -3
-1
´100% = 1.33% < 5%
1.00 ´10
the approximation is valid
6
NH3 = 1.76 x 10-5
substitute x into the [NH3] [NH4+] [OH]

equilibrium initial 0.100
0.100 0 ≈0
concentration change -x +x +x
definitions and
solve equilibrium 0.100
0.099 1.33E-3 1.33E-3
x x
x
x = 1.33 x 10-3
[ 3]
NH = 0.100 - x = 0.100 - (1.33 ´10-3
) = 0.099 M
+ -3
[ NH 4 ] = [OH ] = x = 1.33 ´10
-
M
7
NH3 = 1.76 x 10-5
use the [OH-] to find the [NH3] [NH4+] [OH]

[H3O+] using Kw
initial 0.100 0 ≈0
substitute [H3O+] into the change -x +x +x
formula for pH and solve
equilibrium 0.099 1.33E-3 1.33E-3
K w = [H 3O + ][OH - ] pH = -log(H 3O + )
+
[H 3O ] =
1.33 ´ 10-3
( )
1.00 ´ 10-14 = -log 7.52 ´10-12 = 11.124
[H 3O + ] = 7.52 ´ 10-12
8
NH3 = 1.76 x 10-5
check by substituting the [NH3] [NH4+] [OH]

equilibrium concentrations
back into the equilibrium initial 0.100 0 ≈0
constant expression and
change -x +x +x
comparing the calculated Kb
to the given Kb equilibrium 0.099 1.33E-3 1.33E-3
Kb =
[ NH ][OH ]
+
4
-
[NH 3 ]
(1.33 ´10-3 )
2
though not exact, the
= = 1.8 ´10-5
answer is reasonably close (0.099)
9
Practice – Find the pH of a 0.0015 M
morphine solution, Kb = 1.6 x 10-6
10
Practice – Find the pH of a 0.0015 M morphine
solution, Kb = 1.6 x 10-6
base with water
B + H 2O BH+ + OH-
Construct an ICE table for [B] [BH+] [OH]
the reaction
initial 0.0015 0 ≈0
Enter the initial change
concentrations –
assuming the [OH-] from equilibrium
water is ≈ 0
since no products initially, Qc = 0, and the reaction is proceeding forward
11
Find the pH of a 0.0015 M morphine solution, Kb = 1.6
x 10-6
represent the change in

the concentrations in [B] [BH+] [OH]
terms of x initial 0.0015 0 0
change -x +x +x
the equilibrium equilibrium 0.0015 -x x x
x
Kb =
+
[BH ][OH ]
=
-
( x )( x )
[B] ( - x)
substitute into the
-3
equilibrium constant 1.5 ´10
expression
12
x 10-6
determine the value of Kb [B] [BH+] [OH]

initial 0.0015 0 ≈0
since Kb is very small, change -x +x +x
approximate the [B]eq =
[B]init and solve for x equilibrium 0.0015 x x
0.0015 -x
éë[BH
BH++ùû]éë[OH- ]ùû ( x( x) ()x( x) )
KKb b== == x= (1.6 ´10 -6
)(1.5 ´10-3
)
[[BB] ((1.5
1.5 ´10
´10 -3-3
-) x )
x 2 x = 4.9 ´10-5
-6
1.6 ´10 = -1
1.5 ´10
13
x 10-6
check if the [B] [BH+] [OH]

approximation is valid by
seeing if x < 5% of [B]init initial 0.0015 0 ≈0
change -x +x +x
equilibrium 0.0015 x x
x = 4.9 x 10-5
-5
4.9 ´10
-3
´100% = 3.3% < 5%
1.5 ´10
14
x 10-6
substitute x into the [B] [BH+ ] [OH ]

equilibrium
concentration
initial
initial 0.0015
0.0015 00 ≈ 00
≈
definitions and solve change
change -x +x +x
-x +x +x
equilibrium 0.0015
equilibrium x x
0.0015 4.9E-5 4.9E-5
x
x = 4.9 x 10-5
[Morphine] = 0.0015 - x = 0.0015 - ( 4.9 ´10-5
) = 0.0015 M
+ -5
[BH ] = [OH ] = x = 4.9 ´10
-
M
15
x 10-6
use the [OH-] to find [B] [BH+] [OH]

the [H3O+] using Kw
initial 0.0015 0 ≈0
substitute [H3O+] into change -x +x +x
the formula for pH and
solve equilibrium 0.0015 4.9E-5 4.9E-5
K w = [H 3O + ][OH - ] pH = -log(H 3O +
)
1.00 ´ 10 -14
= -log(2.0 ´10 ) = 9.69

[H 3O + ] = -10
4.9 ´ 10-5
[H 3O + ] = 2.0 ´ 10-10
16
x 10-6
check by substituting the [B] [BH+] [OH]

equilibrium
concentrations back into
initial 0.0015 0 ≈0
the equilibrium constant change -x +x +x
expression and
comparing the calculated equilibrium 0.0015 4.9E-5 4.9E-5
Kb to the given Kb
Kb =
[ ][ ]
BH +
OH -
the answer [B]

matches the
given Kb
=
( 4.9 ´10 )
-5 2
= 1.6 ´10-6
(0.0015)
17
Acid-Base Properties of Salts
 salts are water soluble ionic compounds
 salts that contain the cation of a strong base and an anion that is the
conjugate base of a weak acid are basic
 Example: NaHCO3 solutions are basic

 Na+ is the cation of the strong base NaOH
 HCO3− is the conjugate base of the weak acid H2CO3
 Conversely salts that contain cations that are the conjugate acid of a
weak base and an anion of a strong acid are acidic
 Example: NH4Cl solutions are acidic

 NH4+ is the conjugate acid of the weak base NH3
 Cl− is the anion of the strong acid HCl
18
Anions as Weak Bases
 every anion can be thought of as the conjugate base of an acid
 therefore, every anion can potentially be a base

 A−(aq) + H2O(l) HA(aq) + OH−(aq)
 the stronger the acid HA is, the weaker the conjugate base A- is
 an anion that is the conjugate base of a strong acid is pH neutral

Cl−(aq) + H2O(l)  HCl(aq) + OH−(aq)
 an anion that is the conjugate base of a weak acid is basic

F−(aq) + H2O(l) HF(aq) + OH−(aq)
 since HF is a weak acid, the position of this equilibrium favors the right
19
Use the Table to Determine if the Given Anion
Is Basic or Neutral
a) NO3−
the conjugate base of a
strong acid, therefore neutral
b) HCO3−
the conjugate base of a weak
acid, therefore basic
c) PO43−
the conjugate base of a weak
acid, therefore basic
20
Relationship between Ka of an Acid and Kb of
its Conjugate Base
 many reference books only give tables of Ka values because Kb values

can be found from them
when you add - + [A - ][H 3O+ ]

HA( aq) + H 2O(l ) Û A (aq) + H 3O (aq) Ka =
equations, you [HA]
multiply the - - [ HA][H 3O + ]
A ( aq) + H 2O(l ) Û HA( aq) + OH ( aq) Kb =
K’s [A - ]
[A- ][H 3O + ] [HA][OH- ]

Ka ´ Kb = ´
[HA] [A- ]
K a ´ K b = [H 3O + ][OH - ] = K w
21
Find the pH of 0.100 M NaCHO2(aq) solution
assuming Ka =1.8x10-4 for HCOOH
Na+ is the cation of a
strong base – pH neutral. HCO2− + H2O HCHO2 + OH-
The CHO2− is the anion of
a weak acid – pH basic
[CHO2−] [HCHO2] [OH-]
anion with water initial 0.100 0 ≈0
Construct an ICE table for change

the reaction
equilibrium
Enter the initial
concentrations –
assuming the [OH-] from
water is ≈ 0
22
represent the change in [CHO2−] [HCHO2] [OH-]
the concentrations in
terms of x initial 0.100 0 ≈0

change -x +x +x
the equilibrium
equilibrium 0.100 -x x x
x
Calculate the value of Kb Ka ´ K b = K w
from the value of Ka
=1.8x10-4 1.0 ´ 10-14 -11
Kb = = 5.6 ´ 10
substitute into the
1.8 ´ 10-4
equilibrium constant
expression Kb =
[HCHO 2 ][OH- ]
=
( x )( x )
[ CHO 2
-
] (1.00 ´10-1
- x)
23
since Kb is very small, [CHO2−] [HCHO2] [OH-]
approximate the [CHO2−]eq =
[CHO2−]init and solve for x initial 0.100 0 ≈0
change -x +x +x
Kb for CHO2− = 5.6 x 10-11
equilibrium
0.100
0.100-x x x
][OH--]]
[HCHO22][OH
[HCHO ( x() (xx)()x ) x 2
KKbb == == 5.6 ´ 10-11 =
[
éëCHO --
CHO22 ùû ] ((1.00
1.00´10´10-1 -1
)- x) 1.00 ´ 10-1
x= ( 5.6 ´10-11
)(1.00 ´10-1
)
x = 2.4 ´10-6
24
check if the approximation [CHO2−] [HCHO2] [OH-]

is valid by seeing if x < 5%
of [CHO2−]init initial 0.100 0 ≈0
change -x +x +x
Kb for CHO2− = 5.6 x 10-11 equilibrium 0.100 x x
x = 2.4 x 10-6
2.4 ´ 10-6
-1
´ 100% = 0.0024% < 5%
1.00 ´ 10
25
substitute x into the [CHO2−] [HCHO2] [OH-]

equilibrium concentration
definitions and solve initial 0.100 0 ≈0
change -x +x +x
−
Kb for CHO2 = 5.6 x 10-11
equilibrium 0.100 2.4E-6 2.4E-6
0.100 −x x x
x = 2.4 x 10-6
[ ]
CHO 2 = 0.100 - x = 0.100 - (2.4 ´10-6 ) = 0.100 M
-
[HCHO 2 ] = [OH - ] = x = 2.4 ´10-6 M
26
use the [OH-] to find the [CHO2−] [HCHO2] [OH-]

[H3O+] using Kw
initial 0.100 0 ≈0
substitute [H3O+]into the
formula for pH and solve change -x +x +x
equilibrium 0.100 2.4E-6 2.4E-6
−
Kb for CHO2 = 5.6 x 10-11
K w = [H 3O + ][OH - ] pH = -log(H 3O + )
+
[H 3O ] =
1.00 ´ 10-14 = -log( 4.2 ´10-9 ) = 8.38
2.4 ´ 10-6
[H 3O + ] = 4.2 ´ 10-9
27
check by substituting the [CHO2−] [HCHO2] [OH-]

back into the equilibrium initial 0.100 0 ≈0
constant expression and
change -x +x +x
comparing the calculated Kb
to the given Kb equilibrium 0.100 2.4E-6 2.4E-6
[HCHO 2 ][OH- ]
Kb =
[CHO ] 2
-
though not exact, the answer is reasonably =

( 2.4 ´10 ) -6 2
= 5.8 ´10-11
close (0.100)
Kb for CHO2− = 5.6 x 10-11

28
Polyatomic Cations as Weak Acids
 some polyatomic cations can be thought of as the conjugate acid

of a base
 therefore, some cations can potentially be an acid

 MH+(aq) + H2O(l) MOH(aq) + H3O+(aq)
 the stronger the base MOH is, the weaker the conjugate acid
MH+ is
 a cation that is the counterion of a strong base (Na+, K+ etc) is

pH neutral
 a cation that is the conjugate acid of a weak base is acidic

NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)
 since NH3 is a weak base, the position of this equilibrium favors

the right
29
Metal Cations as Weak Acids
 cations of small, highly charged metals are weakly acidic

 alkali metal cations and alkali earth metal cations pH neutral
 cations are hydrated
Al(H2O)63+(aq) + H2O(l) Al(H2O)5(OH)2+ (aq) + H3O+(aq)
30
Determine if the Given Cation is Acidic or Neutral
a) C2H5NH3+ (Kb of C2H5NH2 = 5.6 x 10-4)

the conjugate acid of a weak base, therefore acidic
b) Ca2+ (Kb of Ca(OH)2 = 3.74 x 10-3)

the counterion of a (not so) strong base, therefore neutral
c) Cr3+
a highly charged metal ion, therefore acidic
31
Classifying Salt Solutions as Acidic, Basic, or Neutral
 if the salt cation is the counterion of a strong base and the anion is
the conjugate base of a strong acid, it will form a neutral solution
 NaCl Ca(NO3)2 KBr
 if the salt cation is the counterion of a strong base and the anion is
the conjugate base of a weak acid, it will form a basic solution
 NaF Ca(C2H3O2)2 KNO2
 if the salt cation is the conjugate acid of a weak base and the anion is
the conjugate base of a strong acid, it will form an acidic solution
 NH4Cl
 if the salt cation is a highly charged metal ion and the anion is the
conjugate base of a strong acid, it will form an acidic solution
 Al(NO3)3 32
Classifying Salt Solutions as Acidic, Basic, or Neutral
 if the salt cation is the conjugate acid of a weak base and

the anion is the conjugate base of a weak acid, the pH of
the solution depends on the relative strengths of the acid and
base
 NH4F
 HF is a stronger acid than NH4+
 Ka of NH4+ is larger than Kb of the F−; therefore the solution will
be acidic
Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular 33

Approach
Determine whether a solution of the following salts
is acidic, basic, or neutral
a) SrCl2
Sr2+ is the counterion of a strong base, pH neutral
Cl− is the conjugate base of a strong acid, pH neutral
solution will be pH neutral
b) AlBr3
Al3+ is a small, highly charged metal ion, weak acid
Br− is the conjugate base of a strong acid, pH neutral
solution will be acidic
c) CH3NH3NO3
CH3NH3+ is the conjugate acid of a weak base, acidic
NO3− is the conjugate base of a strong acid, pH neutral
solution will be acidic
34
Determine whether a solution of the following salts
is acidic, basic, or neutral
d) NaCHO2
Na+ is the counterion of a strong base, pH neutral
CHO2− is the conjugate base of a weak acid, basic
solution will be basic
e) NH4F
NH4+ is the conjugate acid of a weak base, acidic
F− is the conjugate base of a weak acid, basic
Ka(NH4+) > Kb(F−); solution will be acidic
35
Polyprotic Acids
 since polyprotic acids ionize in steps, each H has a separate Ka

 Ka1 > Ka2 > Ka3
 generally, the difference in Ka values is great enough so that the

second ionization does not happen to a large enough extent to affect
the pH
 most pH problems just do first ionization
 except H2SO4 use [H2SO4]o = [H3O+] for the second ionization
 [A2-] = Ka2 as long as the second ionization is negligible
36
37
Find the pH of 0.0100 M H2SO4(aq) solution @
25°C
Write the reactions for the H2SO4 + H2O HSO4- + H3O+ Ka1= big!
acid with water
HSO4- + H2O SO42- + H3O+ Ka2= 0.012
Construct an ICE table for
the reaction [HSO4 -] [SO42 -] [H3O+]
initial 0.0100 0 0.0100
Enter the initial
concentrations – change
assuming the [HSO4−]
and [H3O+] is ≈ [H2SO4] equilibrium
38
25°C
represent the change in [HSO4 -] [SO42 -] [H3O+]

the concentrations in
initial 0.0100 0 0.0100
terms of x
change −x +x +x
the equilibrium equilibrium 0.0100 −x x 0.0100 −x
x
substitute into the [SO 2- ][H O +
] ( x )(0.0100 + x )
equilibrium constant Ka = 4 3
=
expression [HSO 4 ]-
(0.0100 - x )
39
25°C
expand and solve for x Ka for HSO4− = 0.012
] ( x)( 0.0100+ x)
using the quadratic +
[SO2- ][H O
formula Ka = 4 3
=
[HSO4 ]-
( 0.0100 - x)
0.012 =
( 0.0100 + x) x
( 0.0100 - x)
1.2´10-4 - 1.2´10-2 x = 1.00 ´10-2 x + x 2
0 = x 2 + 0.022x - 0.00012
- 0.022 ± (0.022)2 - 4(1)(-0.00012)

x=
2(1)
x = -0.027 or 0.0045
40
25°C
substitute x into the [HSO4 -] [SO42 -] [H3O+]

equilibrium concentration
initial 0.0100 0 0.0100
definitions and solve
change −x +x +x
equilibrium 0.0055−x
0.0100 x
0.0045 0.0145−x
0.0100
x = 0.0045
[HSO4- ] = 0.0100 - x = 0.0100 - (0.0045)= 0.0055 M

[H3O+ ] = (0.0100 + x )= 0.0145 M
[SO24- ] = x = 0.0045 M
41
25°C
substitute [H3O+] into the [HSO4 -] [SO42 -] [H3O+]

formula for pH and solve
initial 0.0100 0 0.0100
change −x +x +x
equilibrium 0.0055 0.0045 0.0145
pH = -log(H 3O + )
= -log(0.0145) = 1.839
42
25°C
check by substituting the [HSO4 -] [SO42 -] [H3O+]

initial 0.0100 0 0.0100
back into the equilibrium
constant expression and change −x +x +x
comparing the calculated
Ka to the given Ka equilibrium 0.0055 0.0045 0.0145
Ka =
[ 4 ][ 3 ]
SO 2-
H O +
=
[HSO ] -
4
=
(0.0045)(0.0145) = 1.2 ´10-2
the answer matches
(0.0055)
Ka for HSO4− = 0.012
43
Strengths of Binary Acids
 the more + H-X δ- polarized the bond, the

more acidic the bond
 the stronger the H-X bond, the weaker the acid
 binary acid strength increases to the right

across a period
 H-C < H-N < H-O < H-F
 binary acid strength increases down the

column
 H-F < H-Cl < H-Br < H-I
44
Strengths of Oxyacids, H-O-Y
 the more electronegative the Y atom, the stronger the acid
 helps weakens the H-O bond
 the more oxygens attached to Y, the stronger the acid

 further weakens and polarizes the H-O bond
45
Lewis Acid - Base Theory
 electron sharing
 electron donor = Lewis Base = nucleophile
 must have a lone pair of electrons
 electron acceptor = Lewis Acid = electrophile
 electron deficient
 when Lewis Base gives electrons from lone pair to Lewis Acid, a
covalent bond forms between the molecules
Nucleophile: + Electrophile  Nucleophile:Electrophile
 product called an adduct
 other acid-base reactions also Lewis

Approach
Example - Complete the Following
Lewis Acid-Base Reactions
Label the Nucleophile and
Electrophile
OH
+ OH-1 
H C H

OH OH
••
H C H •
+ • OH -1  H C H
••
 Nucleophile
Electrophile
OH
47
Tro, Chemistry: A
Practice - Complete the Following
Label the Nucleophile and
 BF3 + HF 
Electrophile
 CaO + SO3 
 KI + I2 

Approach
Practice - Complete the Following
Label the Nucleophile and Electrophile
 BF3 + HF H+1BF4-1
Elec Nuc F F
•• -1

H F +B F H+1 F B F
••
••
F F
 CaO + SO3 Ca+2SO4-2
Nuc Elec O O -2
••
Ca+2 O -2
••
••
+S O Ca+2 O S O
••
O O
 KI + I2 ••
KI3K+1 I -1 + I I K+1 I I I -1
••
••
Nuc Elec
••
49
What is Acid Rain?
 natural rain water has a pH of 5.6
 naturally slightly acidic due mainly to CO2
 rain water with a pH lower than 5.6 is called acid rain
 acid rain is linked to damage in ecosystems and structures
50
What Causes Acid Rain?
 many natural and pollutant gases dissolved in the air are nonmetal
oxides
 CO2, SO2, NO2
 nonmetal oxides are acidic

CO2 + H2O H2CO3
2 SO2 + O2 + 2 H2O 2 H2SO4
 processes that produce nonmetal oxide gases as waste increase the
acidity of the rain
 natural – volcanoes and some bacterial action
 man-made – combustion of fuel
 weather patterns may cause rain to be acidic in regions other than

where the nonmetal oxide is produced
51
Damage from Acid Rain
52
pH of Rain in Different Regions
Sources of SO2 from Utilities
Damage from Acid Rain
 acids react with metals, and materials that contain carbonates
 acid rain damages bridges, cars, and other metallic structures
 acid rain damages buildings and other structures made of limestone or

cement
 acidifying lakes affecting aquatic life
 dissolving and leaching more minerals from soil

 making it difficult for trees
55
Acid Rain Legislation
 1990 Clean Air Act attacks acid rain

 force utilities to reduce SO2
 result is acid rain in northeast stabilized and
beginning to be reduced
56

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Weak Bases

 in weak bases, only a small fraction of

 most of the weak base molecules do not

 much less than 1% ionization in water

 [HO–] << [weak base]

 finding the pH of a weak base solution is

Write the reaction for the

since no products initially, Qc = 0, and the reaction is proceeding forward

represent the change in

determine the value of [NH3] [NH4+] [OH]

check if the [NH3] [NH4+] [OH]

substitute x into the [NH3] [NH4+] [OH]

use the [OH-] to find the [NH3] [NH4+] [OH]

check by substituting the [NH3] [NH4+] [OH]

since no products initially, Qc = 0, and the reaction is proceeding forward

represent the change in

determine the value of Kb [B] [BH+] [OH]

check if the [B] [BH+] [OH]

substitute x into the [B] [BH+ ] [OH ]

use the [OH-] to find [B] [BH+] [OH]

= -log(2.0 ´10 ) = 9.69

check by substituting the [B] [BH+] [OH]

the answer [B]

 Example: NaHCO3 solutions are basic

 Example: NH4Cl solutions are acidic

 therefore, every anion can potentially be a base

 an anion that is the conjugate base of a strong acid is pH neutral

 an anion that is the conjugate base of a weak acid is basic

 many reference books only give tables of Ka values because Kb values

when you add - + [A - ][H 3O+ ]

[A- ][H 3O + ] [HA][OH- ]

Construct an ICE table for change

sum the columns to find

check if the approximation [CHO2−] [HCHO2] [OH-]

substitute x into the [CHO2−] [HCHO2] [OH-]

[HCHO 2 ] = [OH - ] = x = 2.4 ´10-6 M

use the [OH-] to find the [CHO2−] [HCHO2] [OH-]

check by substituting the [CHO2−] [HCHO2] [OH-]

though not exact, the answer is reasonably =

Kb for CHO2− = 5.6 x 10-11

 some polyatomic cations can be thought of as the conjugate acid

 therefore, some cations can potentially be an acid

 a cation that is the counterion of a strong base (Na+, K+ etc) is

 a cation that is the conjugate acid of a weak base is acidic

 since NH3 is a weak base, the position of this equilibrium favors

 cations of small, highly charged metals are weakly acidic

Al(H2O)63+(aq) + H2O(l) Al(H2O)5(OH)2+ (aq) + H3O+(aq)

a) C2H5NH3+ (Kb of C2H5NH2 = 5.6 x 10-4)

b) Ca2+ (Kb of Ca(OH)2 = 3.74 x 10-3)

 if the salt cation is the conjugate acid of a weak base and

Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular 33

 since polyprotic acids ionize in steps, each H has a separate Ka

 generally, the difference in Ka values is great enough so that the

 [A2-] = Ka2 as long as the second ionization is negligible

represent the change in [HSO4 -] [SO42 -] [H3O+]

- 0.022 ± (0.022)2 - 4(1)(-0.00012)

substitute x into the [HSO4 -] [SO42 -] [H3O+]

[HSO4- ] = 0.0100 - x = 0.0100 - (0.0045)= 0.0055 M

substitute [H3O+] into the [HSO4 -] [SO42 -] [H3O+]

check by substituting the [HSO4 -] [SO42 -] [H3O+]

 the more + H-X δ- polarized the bond, the

 the stronger the H-X bond, the weaker the acid

 binary acid strength increases to the right

 binary acid strength increases down the