Anatomy of The Eye

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 INTRODUCTION

 The Eye is the

organ of vision.

 Composed of :
1. Eyeball.

2. The adnexa.

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 THE POSITION
 In the Predatory species:
have set well forward

 In Herbivores ,
Ruminant and rabbits:
have eyes more laterally
to have wide area of
vision
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 Terminology of the eye
 Cornea : the transparent
part of the eyeball .
 Anterior pole: the highest
point on cornea .
 Posterior pole : the
highest point on posterior
surface .
 Optic axis: the straight
line passing through both
poles

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 The Eyeball
 Equator :an imaginary line about
the eyeball, which is the
equidistant from the poles.

 Meridian: is one of many lines

passing from pole to pole that
intersects the equator at right
angles.
• Optic nerve :leaves the
eyeball slightly ventral
to the posterior pole
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Eyeball

The three tunics are:

I- An external fibrous tunic

II- A middle vascular tunic

III- An internal tunic

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Eyeball
The three tunics are:
I. An external fibrous tunic: that gives form to and
protects the eyeball; it’s the only complete
tunic.

II. A middle vascular tunic: that consist largely

of blood vessels and smooth muscle
 concerned with the nutrition of the
eyeball and the regulation of the
shape of the lens and size of pupil.
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Eyeball

III. An internal tunic: that consists largely

of nervous tissue
 concerned with vision and translation of

visual stimuli into nerve impulses for

interpretation by the brain.

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The Fibrous Tunic
 It consists of the sclera and the cornea,
which meet at the limbus.
1. The sclera is the opaque posterior part of
the fibrous tunic and consists of a dense felt
work of colagenous and elastic fibers and is
generally white but in some species it
contain pigment cells

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The fibrous tunic
 The cornea forms about one quarter of the
fibrous tunic and bulges forward. It is
composed off dense connective tissue
arranged in lamellar form .
 The cornea doesn’t contain blood vessels;
nutrients for its cells permeate from vessels
in the limbus or are carried to it its surface
in the lacrimal fluid and aqueous humor .
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The vascular Tunic (uvea)
Deep to the sclera, which it composed of
three zones .
1) The choroids: lies on the sclera from the
optic nerve to the limbus and contains a
dense network of blood vessels embedded
in heavily pigmented connective tissue

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 The vascular Tunic (uvea)
 In the dorsal part of the fundus the choroids forms colored,
light-reflecting area known as tapetum lucidum
 is avascular layer (cellular in the carnivores, fibrous in
ruminants and horses) between the capillaries and the
vessels.
 The tapetum makes the eyes of animals shine when they
look toward the light.
 Our eyes and those of the pig don’t have a tapetum so they
don’t reflect the light.
 This reflecting of light is a night vision adaptation because
of stimulation of the light sensitive receptors in the retina.

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 The vascular Tunic (uvea)
2) The ciliary body :
toward the limbus the choroids
thickness to form it.
3) The Iris: the smallest part of the
vascular tunic, which extends from
the cornea to the lens.
 It attached to sclera and ciliary
body by pectinate ligament.
 the opening in the center is the
pulpi
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 The vascular Tunic (uvea)
 The iris divided the space between the
lens and cornea into anterior and
posterior chambers tat communicate
through pupil and filled with, aqueous
humor (a clear watery fluid).

 The color of the iris determines the

color of the eye
 depends on the number of the
pigmented cells present in its
stroma
 the type of the pigment in the
cells.
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The internal tunic
 The internal tunic of the eyeball contains
the light-sensitive receptor cells (known as
retina).
 It’s an extension of the brain to which
remains connected by the optic nerve.

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 The internal tunic
The layers in retina are:
 A single layer of pigmented cells.
 Aneuroepithelialm layer containing the
receptor cells, rods and cones and their
nuclei.
 the rods for black and whit

 the cones for the color vision.

 A layer of bipolar ganglion cells.

 A layer of multipolar ganglion cells
nonmyelinated axons lying internal to the
cells and pass to the optic disc where they
form the optic nerve.
 The optic disc is a blind area because there
is no receptor cell. 16
v The adnexa of the eye
1. The orbital fasciae :
a. The periorbital: is attached
near the optic foramen at the
apex of the cone .
b. The superficial muscular
fascia: lies within the
periorbital. It’s loose and fatty.
And envelops in the levator
palpebrae superioris and the
lacrimal gland.
c. The deep muscular fascia: is
more fibrous and arises from the
eyelids and from the limbus of
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the eyeball.
 v The adnexa of the eye
2. The muscles of the
eyeball:
 The rectus muscles: dorsal,
ventral, medial and lateral
are inserted anterior to the
equator by wide but very
thin tendons.

 The ventral and dorsal

oblique muscles: attach to
the eyeball near the equator.
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 v The adnexa of the eye
2. The muscles of the eyeball:

 The retractor bulbi arises

from the vicinity of the
eyeball and inserted on the
eyeball posterior to the
equator.

 The levator palpebrae

superioris: striated muscle
within the orbit that doesn’t
attach to the eyeball but
passes over it to enter and
elevate the upper eyelid
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 v The adnexa of the eye
3. The eyelids and conjunctiva :
 The eyelids (palpebrae) are two
musculofibrous folds of which
the upper is the more extensive
and more mobile.

 The free margins of the lids are

meet at the medial and lateral
angles of the eye and bound an
opening known as the
palpebral fissure.
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 v The adnexa of the eye
3. The eyelids and conjunctiva :
They are consist of three layers:

1.The skin: is thin and delicate and is

covered with short hairs: it may also
carry a few prominent tactile airs.

2.The musculofibrous layer: is formed

by the orbicularis oculi, the orbital
septum, the aponeurosis of the levator
muscle and the smooth tarsal muscle.

3.The mucous (palpebral conjunctiva) a

thin, transparent mucous membrane
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 v The adnexa of the eye
3. The eyelids and
conjunctiva :
 The third eyelid is
supported by a T-shaped
piece of cartilage.
 Bar lies in the free edge of
the fold and stem points
backward into the orbit
medial to the eyeball.
 The stem of cartilage is
surrounded by lacrimal
gland (the gland of the third
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eyelid).
 v The adnexa of the eye
4. The lacrimal apparatus:
 This consists of lacrimal gland
proper

 The lacrimal gland is flat and

lies between the eyeball and the
dorsolateral wall of orbit.

 The glands associated with the

third eyelids

 several small accessory glands

• duct system that conveys the
lacrimal fluid after it has
washed over the eye into the
nasal cavity for evaporation.
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 v The blood supply of the eye:
 The arteries can be divided into three groups:
1. THOSE SUPPLY EYEBLL
2. SUPPLY OCULR MUSCLES
3. THOSE LAEVING THE ORBIT TO SUPPLY
ADJCENT STRCTURES.

 The external ophthalmic artery carries the

principle supply of the blood to the eye, which is
a branch of the maxillary artery.
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 v The blood supply of the eye:
 1) The branches of the external
ophthalmic for the eyeball penetrate
the sclera to reach the vascular
tunic and retina.
 -Short posterior ciliary a. / supply
the adjacent choroids in addition to
branches to the optic nerve.
 -Long posterior ciliary a. /pass
close the sclera closer to the
equator.
 -The anterior ciliary a. / supply
the anterior potion of the choroids,
the ciliary body and the iris
 These arteries anastomose to form
the greater arterial circle of the
iris.
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v The blood supply of the eye:
2) The arteries that supply the ocular muscles.
Which the absence of the large vessels in
distal ends reduces bleeding when the
muscles are cut during the enucleating.

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v The blood supply of the eye:
3) The arteries that leave the orbit:
 -The lacrimal a. / supply the lacrimal gland in
route.
 -The supraorbital a. / send branches to the upper
eyelids

 -The malar a. /supply the eyelids and also

adjacent area of the face.
 -The external ethamoid a. / supply the ethamoid
labyrinth of the nasal cavity.
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 v The nerve supply of the eye:

 The optic nerve II: enters the orbit through the

optic foramen and passes to the light receptor
cells in the retina.
 It allows the movements of the eye and is
covered by meninges that it acquired during its
development.

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 v The nerve supply of the eye:
 The Oculomoter nerve III: control the movement of the
eyeball. it enters the orbit through the orbital fissure.
 Supply: dorsal, medial, ventral Rectus muscle

 Ventral oblique muscle

 Part of retractor muscle

 The abducent nerve VI: enters through the orbital

foramen and innervates most of retractor bulbi and lateral
rectus muscles.
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 v The nerve supply of the eye:
 The trochlear nerve IV: innervate
 Dorsal oblique muscle

 The trigeminal nerve V: send branches to the eye.

 Opthalmic division

Give sensory branches to:

1- long ciliary nerve of the eye, lacrimal and supraorbital
nerves.
 Maxillary division

 Zygomatic branch supply ventrolateral segment of the

eyelids and conjunctiva
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 v The nerve supply of the eye:
 The facial nerve VII:
 passes between the eye and the ear gives
auriculopalpebral branch

 innervates the orbicularis oculi

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