COMPUTER

 A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry

out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations

automatically via computer programming.

 Computers are used as control systems for a wide

variety of industrial and consumer devices.

 Functions of computer
 Gather data (or allow users to input data)

 Process (manipulate, calculate, or organize) that data.

 Output data or information (display information in a

form suitable for the user).

 Store data and information for later use.

 Computer components
• Monitor
• CPU
• CD-ROM
• Floppy Drive
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Scanner
• Speaker
• Printer
 COMPUTER HARDWARE
 Refers to Physical parts or components of a computer
Or
 Physical objects that can be touched

Such as
 Monitor
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 System unit(Motherboard,memory,Chipset,Sound card
etc
 COMPUTER SOFTWARE
 System software:

Used for controlling ,integrating and managing individual

hardware components of a computer.

Eg:Operating system,Disk formatters, File managers etc

 Application software:

Used to run a specific task beyond the running of computer

itself

Eg:Software application
MOTHER BOARD
A Dual Processor System Board
 Main Components on a
Motherboard
 CPU and its chip set
 ROM BIOS’
 RAM
 RAM cache (L2) (optional)
 System bus with expansion slots
 On Board I/O connectors
 On Board IDE connectors
 North Bridge and South Bridge
 CPU & ROM BIOS
 CPU is the brain of the computer in which
majority of the computing tasks are carried
out.

 BIOS or ROM BIOS is a ROM chip which

contains programs that perform the basic
functions necessary for the PC to boot and
access various components.
 RAM & RAM Cache
 Stand for Random access memory which is
used for storing programs temporarily.

 RAM Cache or Cache memory is a fast

memory which lies in between the CPU and
RAM.
Bus Expansion Slots
 A bus carries electrical power, control signals,
memory addresses and data

 To add a new device to the computer we need

a bus expansion slot.

 Today’s PCs have four or five buses, each with

different speeds, access methods, and
protocols.
On board I/O & IDE connectors
 A personal computer consists of serial
ports(Mouse and Modem),parallel
ports(Printers) and USB ports.

 A mother board will have IDE connectors

for connecting floppy disk drives , hard disk
drives and CD drives.
North Bridge and South Bridge
 The Northbridge is the chip or chips that
connect a CPU to memory, the PCI bus etc.

 The North Bridge controls or manages input

and output (I/O) interface.Examples of I/O
interface connections controlled by south
bridge are USB, serial, IDE etc.
 Types of expansion Slots
 PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)

 ISA( Industry Standard Architecture)

 AGP(Accelerated Graphics port)

Functions of Chipset
 Functions of Chipset
 Controls the bits that flow between the CPU
and devices

 Controls system memory

 Controls motherboard’s bus

 Manages data transfers between the

CPU,Memory and peripheral devices
 Chipset
 Chipset is also platform processor

 Chipset is the gateway between a processor and other

components

 Chipset is an IC that manages data flow between

processor , memory and peripherals

 Types of Chipset
 Intel 810 Chipset

 Intel 815 Chipset

 Intel 845 Chipset

 Intel 850 Chipset

 Features of Chipset
 Intel 810 Chipset features
 Low power sleep modes
 Digital video output
 2 USB ports
 Intel 3D graphics with direct AGP
 4MB display cache video memory
 66 and 100 MHz system bus
 Features of Chipset
 Intel 815 Chipset features
 Low power sleep modes
 Digital video output
 2 USB ports
 Intel 3D graphics with direct AGP
 AGP 4X upgradable
 ATA66 for high volume HDDs
 66 MHz,100 MHz and 133 MHz system bus
 CNR card (Communication and Network Riser)
 Optimized for 100/133 MHz SDRAM
 Features of Chipset
 Intel 845 Chipset features
 Low power sleep modes
 Digital video output
 2 USB ports
 AGP 4X interface
 LAN connect interface
 400MHz system bus
 Intel Application Accelerator
 Enhanced Sound Quality
 Features of Chipset
 Intel 850 Chipset features
 Low power sleep modes
 Digital video output
 2 USB ports
 AGP 4X interface
 LAN connect interface
 400MHz system bus
 Dual RDRAM capability
 Processor Specifications
 Brand:Intel or AMD.
 Processor type
 CPU Socket Type
 Multi-core: Dual, Triple or Quad Core. ...
 Frequency
 FSB
 L2/L3 Cache
 64-bit support
 Thermal Power Design
 Manufacturing Technology
Brand

There are 2 brands Intel or AMD.

The choice will affect which motherboards are compatible with

your CPU.

Processor type: Mobile, Desktop or Server.

Depends on use to build a custom desktop computers, such as the

custom gaming PCs designs.

Mobile CPUs are used for notebooks and other mobile computers.

As for Server processors, they are used in servers.

Each type have different performance, power consumption and

price.
CPU Socket Type:

The CPU socket is where you will be installing your CPU.

Make sure to match your motherboard socket type with
your CPU socket type to ensure that they are compatible.

Multi-core: Dual, Triple or Quad Core

Intel decided to take two of their CPU cores and to put it
on a single chip. They had created the dual-core processor
and quad-core processor.
Frequency

In CPUs, the frequency represents the speed at which the

processor runs, in GHz (1GHz = 1000MHz). Video games
performance is very dependent on frequency.

FSB, Hyper-Transport or QPI:

It gives the speed at which your processor communicates

with other components in your system, such as the memory
.A higher speed means higher bandwidth.
L2/L3 cache

Cache is really quick on-board CPU memory, much

faster than RAM, that your processor use to store data
that is about to be processed and/or is used often. The
more cache you have, the more data your processor can
store for ultra-quick access and the more performance
you’ll get out of your processor.

64-bit support

Whether your processor supports 64-bit software or not.

Manufacturing Tech

In nm, the manufacturing size at which the processor

transistors are produced. A smaller number is better, as
this allows for more transistors on the same surface and
reduced power consumption .

Thermal Power Design (TPD)

This is a general measurement that indicates how much

power, in Watts, that your processor will consume in the
worst case scenario. This is also used to have an idea of
how much heat your processor will produce.
Random-Access Memory
(RAM )
 RAM
 Random-access memory (RAM ) is a form
of computer data storage that stores data and machine
code currently being used.

 Stored information is lost if power is removed.

 Integrated-circuit RAM chips came into the market in

the early 1970s, with the first commercially available
DRAM chip
SRAM DRAM
 SDRAM
 SDRAM (synchronous DRAM) is a name for various
kinds of dynamic random access memory (DRAM)
that are synchronized with the clock speed that the
microprocessor is optimized for. This tends to increase
the number of instructions that the processor can
perform in a given time.
 TYPES OF SDRAM
 DDR SDRAM

 DDR2 SDRAM

 DDR3 SDRAM

 DDR4 SDRAM

 DDR5 SDRAM (to be released in 2019)

 TYPES OF SDRAM
 SDR SDRAM: This is the basic type of SDRAM that was
first introduced.It is referred to as single data rate
SDRAM, or just SDRAM.

 DDR SDRAM: DDR SDRAM gains its name from the

fact that it is Double Data Rate SDRAM. This type of
SDRAM provides data transfer at twice the speed of the
traditional type of SDRAM memory. This is achieved by
transferring data twice per cycle.

 DDR2 SDRAM: DDR2 SDRAM can operate the external

bus twice as fast as its predecessor and it was first
introduced in 2003.
 TYPES OF SDRAM
 DDR3 SDRAM: DDR3 SDRAM is a further
development of the double data rate type of SDRAM.
It provides further improvements in overall
performance and speed. Available since 2007

 DDR4 SDRAM: This is a further type of SDRAM

being developed is available since 2012.
 Latency
 It is the amount of time that a processor take to

retrieve data that is present somewhere in the RAM.

 CAS latency or CL stands for column Address strobe .

This is the number of clock cycles that pass from when

an instruction is given for a particular column and the

moment the data is available.

 FEATURES OF DDR2 SDRAM
 Successor to DDR SDRAM

 Reduced operating voltage

 Low power consumption

 High operating speed

 Has a 4-bit prefetch buffer for faster performance

 Greater latency than DDR SDRAM

 FEATURES OF DDR3 SDRAM
 Successor to DDR2 SDRAM

 Predecessor to DDR4 SDRAM

 Reduced operating voltage

 Low power consumption

 High operating speed

 Has a 8-bit prefetch buffer for faster performance

 Greater latency than DDR2 SDRAM

 Example
 With a clock speed of 100 MHz

 DDR SDRAM will provide 1600 MB/s of bandwidth

 DDR2 SDRAM will provide 3200 MB/s of bandwidth

 DDR3 SDRAM will provide 6400 MB/s of bandwidth

 ACCELERATED GRAPHICCS PORT
(AGP)
 The Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) was designed
as a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching
a video card to a computer system, primarily to assist
in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics
 3D computer graphics or three-dimensional
computer graphics are graphics that use a three-
dimensional representation of geometric data that is
stored in the computer for the purposes of performing
calculations.
How AGP works
 The AGP channel is 32 bits wide and runs at 66MHz which translates into

a bandwidth of 264 MB/s compared to PCI bandwidth of 133 MB/s.

 AGP makes use of a particular signaling that allows the user to send a

double amount of data over the port at an equal clock speed. The bus

hence sends the information on the rising edge, defined as the "0" to "1"

transition signal and falling edge of the clock, defined as the “1” to "0"

transition signal. It consequently makes transitions by using both signals

compared to the normal PCI that transfers data on individual transitions at

each cycle.
 Different AGP buses
 AGP 1x uses a 3.3/1.5 V signal swing over a bandwidth of
266MB/s

 AGP 2x uses a 3.3/1.5 V signal swing over a bandwidth of

533MB/s

 AGP 4x uses a 1.5 V signal swing over a bandwidth of 1066

MB/s

 APG 8x uses a 0.8 V signal swing over a bandwidth of 2.1

GB/s
AGP CARD
 SMPS
 SMPS stands for Switch-Mode-Power-Supply. Converts
the electrical power efficiently from one form to another
form with desired characteristics is called as Switch-mode
power supply. It is used to obtain regulated DC output
voltage from unregulated AC or DC input voltage.

 They are used in many places in a computer. In a modern

computer, there is a SMPS that takes rectified
AC input from the wall, performs power factor correction
and then converts the output into one or more lower
voltage DC outputs.
SMPS POWER SUPPLY CONNECTORS
 Types of connectors
 Power-IN. The power-IN connector as shown in the
figure is the input for mains supply.
 Power-OUT. The power-OUT connector is connected
directly to the Power-IN connector from inside the supply
unit.
 ATX connector.
 ATX-12V connector.
 AT Connectors.
 4-PIN or Molex connectors.
 SATA-output connector.
 ATX connector
 It is a 24-pin female connector which is used to
supply DC supply to the motherboards.
Wire colour DC Voltage
Red +5 V
Yellow +12V
Black Ground
Blue -12V
Grey Power Good
Green Power On
Purple +5V StandBy
Orange +3.3V
Brown/Orange +3.3V Sense
White -5V (optional)
 ATX-12V connector
• Latest SMPS power supplies are accompanied by
an extra 4-pin connector which supplies 12 volts
to energize the central processing unit and
other components of the motherboard.
 AT Connectors
Earlier motherboards used to support AT connectors
( 6-pin each) also called P8 and P9 connectors to supply
power to these motherboards (Upto 486 motherBoards)
Wire Colour DC Voltage

Red +5V

White -5V

Black Ground or 0V

Blue -12V

Yellow +12V

Orange + 5V ( PG)
 Molex Connector
 These "Molex" connectors are used to power the
drives inside a PC case. The large one on the right is
used for disk, CD-ROM and DVD drives, while the
small connector is used for floppy drives and other
devices. Often referred as a 4-pin connector.
Wire DC
Used For
Colour Voltage

Yellow +12 V Motors

Black GND

Black GND
Logic
Red +5V
circuit
 SATA-output connector
 To feed the power to latest SATA hard drives, these
connectors are used.
Hard Disk
 Parts of Hard Disk
 1.Actuator that moves the read-write arm.

 2.Read-write arm swings read-write head back and

forth across platter.

 3.Central spindle allows platter to rotate at high

speed.

 4.Magnetic platter stores information in binary form

 5.Plug connections link hard drive to circuit board in
personal computer.

 6.Read-write head is a tiny magnet on the end of the

read-write arm.

 7.Circuit board on underside controls the flow of data to

and from the platter.

 8.Flexible connector carries data from circuit board to

read-write head and platter.

 9.Small spindle allows read-write arm to swing across

platter.
 Platter
 The coating contains data .It holds the magnetic

switching 1’s and 0’s that make up your pictures, your

documents etc

 Carbon overcoat

 Magnetic Layer

 Chromium

 Aluminum Layer
 Data is written to the platter through the transmission of

an electromagnetic flux. This is delivered via the read-

write heads.

 As the heads pass over the rotating platter surface, the

polarization of the magnetic coating is changed due to

the flux that is passed through the read-write head.

 Data is read as the head passes over the rotating

platter. Differences in magnetism are detected by the

head which is then interpreted as a binary 1 or 0.
 Disk Writing
 Send signal to hard disk controller to accept data from the
computer. The CPU sends the location where it wants to
write data.
 The drive controller places the read/write head over the
desired location.
 Between CPU and drive a buffer is used.
 The disk controller sends the data stored in buffer to hard
disk
 Electronic circuits of hard disk receive data and convert into
magnetic pulses for storing on the surface of the disk
 Disk Reading and Data access
 The recorded magnetic pulses are converted into electrical

signals and electrical signals are converted into data

 The circular platter is divided into concentric circles know as

tracks.

 Track are partitioned into sectors(hold 512 bytes of data)

 A group of sectors is called as cluster

LED monitor
 Specifications
LED feature Specification
Display size 58.4 cm (23 in) diagonal
Display type IPS with LED Backlight
Aspect ratio 16:9
Brightness 250 cd/m²
Inputs 1 VGA 1 HDMI 1 DVI-D

Viewing angle Horizontal viewing angle (typical): 178 degrees

Vertical viewing angle (typical): 178 degrees
Recommended resolution 1920 x 1080
Power consumption 30 Watts max power consumption (28 Watts
typical power consumption)

Operating temperature 5 degrees C to 35 degrees C (41 degrees F to

95 degrees F)
Storage temperature -20 degrees C to 60 degrees C (-4 degrees F to
140 degrees F)
Tilt -2 to +25 degrees
Dimensions W x D x H (unpacked):
53.2 x 17.1 x 40.4 cm (20.9 x 6.7 x 15.9 in)

Weight Unpacked: 3.5 Kg (7.7 lbs)

 Colors of LED
 Different wavelengths involved in the process determine the

different colors produced from the LEDs. Hence, light emitted by

the device depends on the type of semiconductor material used.

 Infrared light is produced by using Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) as a

semiconductor.

 Red or yellow light is produced by using Gallium-Arsenide-

Phosphorus (GaAsP) as a semiconductor.

 Red or green light is produced by using Gallium-Phosphorus (GaP)

as a semiconductor.
 Working of LED monitor
 LED monitors are the LCD monitors with a LED backlight to

power up the LCD panel.

 There are three different types of LED monitors available

based on the manner how the diodes are arranges in the

monitor.

 Direct LEDs

 Edge LEDs

 RGB LEDs.
Working of LED monitor
 In the Direct LEDs display, white diodes are placed all over

the panel to produce higher quality image.

 The Edge LEDs display uses LEDs only on the borders of

the LCD panel.

 Direct LEDs are generally used in the production of high

definition TV whereas the Edge LEDs is mainly used in the

production of computer screens.

 RGB LEDs display is better among the three types of LED

monitors as it uses red, green and blue diodes to produce

the lifelike images with amazing contrast ratio.
 OPTICAL MOUSE
Developed by Agilent Technologies

and introduced to the world in late

1999.
 Parts of Optical Mouse
 LED

 Plastic Light guide

 Light detector chip(CMOS sensor) or camera IC

 Scroll Wheel

 Micro Chip

 USB cable connection

 DSP chip
Inside Optical Mouse
OPTICAL MOUSE
 An LED at the back generates red light and
shines it horizontally, from the back of the mouse
towards the front

 A plastic light guide channels the light from the

LED at an angle, down onto the desk.

 A light-detector chip (CMOS sensor) measures

light reflected back up from the desk, converting
the analog movements of your hand into digital
signals that can be sent to your computer.
 The scroll wheel at the front of the mouse is
mounted on a switch mechanism that detects both
how much it's rotated or pressed it .Rotations of the
scroll wheel can be detected in a variety of different
ways. Some mice use potentiometers (broadly,
variable resistors.)

 A micro switch detects when you press the right

mouse button. There's an identical switch on the
other side to detect the left mouse button.

 The USB cable connection carries digital

information from the mouse to your computer.
 Working
 The CMOS sensor optically acquiring sequential
surface images (frames) and mathematically
determine the direction and magnitude of movement
of mouse.It sends each image to a digital signal
processor (DSP) for analysis.

 The DSP, operating at 18 MIPS (million instructions

per second), is able to detect patterns in the images
and see how those patterns have moved since the
previous image.
 Working
 Based on the change in patterns over a sequence of
images, the DSP determines how far the mouse has
moved and sends the corresponding coordinates to
the computer .

 The computer moves the cursor on the screen based

on the coordinates received from the mouse. This
happens hundreds of times each second, making the
cursor appear to move very smoothly.