GOOD MORNING

INTRODUCTION
 THE DEFINITION OF ANATOMY

• Anatomy
– Greek=to cut up, or dissect
– The science that deals with
the structure of the body
• Kinds:
– Gross Anatomy
– Microscopic Anatomy
– Developmental Anatomy
– Comparative Anatomy
 Gross Anatomy
• Definition:
– That which can be seen with the naked eye
• Kinds:
– Regional:
• body studied by area
– Systematic:
• body studied by system
 Microscopic Anatomy
• Definition:
– That which can be seen with the assisted
eye.(microscope)
• Kinds:
– Cytology:
• The study of cells
– Histology:
• The study of tissues
– Organology:
• The study of organs
 Developmental Anatomy
• Definition:
– The study of anatomical changes in a life
cycle
• Kinds:
– Embryology:
• The study of prenatal development
– Postnatal development:
• The study of structures after birth
– Ontogeny:
• Total development of an individual
 Comparative Anatomy
• Definition:
– Comparison of structures between
organisms
• Kinds:
– Vertebrate:
• Comparison of structures among the vertebrate
classes
– Phylogeny:
• The study of phyla, and their relationships
 Descriptive terms
• Position of body;
Anatomical position :
• Person is standing straight
with eyes look straight to
the front
• Both arms by the side
of body
• Palms facing forwards,
both feet together
• Supine position (recumbent) – person is
lying on her/his back, arms by the side , palms
facing upwards
• Prone position: person is lying on his/her
face, chest & abdomen
• Lithotomy position person is lying on her
back with legs up and feet supported in straps
 Directional Terms of the Body
1. Anterior = In front of; toward
the front surface
2. Posterior = In back of; toward
the back surface
3. Dorsal =At the back side of
the human body
4. Ventral = At the belly side of
the human body
 Directional Terms of the Body

 Superior = Toward the

head or above
 Inferior = Toward feet
not head
 Caudal = At the rear or
tail end
 Cranial = At the head end
 Directional Terms of the Body
 Medial = Toward the midline
of the body
 Lateral = Away from the
midline of the body
 Deep = On the inside,
underneath another structure
 Superficial = On the outside
 Directional Terms of the Body

 Proximal = Closest to point

of attachment to trunk

 Distal = Furthest from point

of attachment to trunk
 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
A plane is an imaginary surface that slices the
body into specific sections.

The three major anatomic planes of reference

are the coronal, transverse, and sagittal planes
Sections
and Planes

A coronal plane, also

called a frontal plane, is
a vertical plane that
divides the body into
anterior (front) and
posterior (back) parts.
 Sections
and Planes
 A transverse plane, also
called a cross-sectional plane
or horizontal plane, cuts
perpendicularly along the
long axis of the body or
organ separating it into both
superior (upper) and inferior
(lower) parts.
 Sections
and Planes
A sagittal plane or
median plane,
extends through the
body or organ
vertically and
divides the structure
into right and left
halves.
 Terms describing movements at joints
 Flexion – Decrease in angle between articulating bones
 Extension – Increase in angle between articulating bones
 Abduction – moving away from the median plane
 Adduction – moving toward the median plane
 Rotation – moving along the long axis
 Medial rotation – Anterior surface of bone of limb turned towards midline
 Lateral rotation – Anterior surface of bone of limb turned away from midline
• Circumduction – circular movement combining
flexion, abduction, extension, adduction
• Eversion- Raising the lateral border of the foot
• Inversion - Raising the medial border of the foot
• Pronation – Rotation of the forearm so that
the palm is turned backwards
• Supination – Rotation of the forearm so
that the palm is turned forwards
• Protrusion- Moving forward (anteriorly)
• Retraction – Moving backward (posteriorly)
 Terms related to muscle
• Origin –
• Insertion-
• Belly – fleshy and contractile part of a muscle
• Tendon – the fibrous, non contractile part of the muscle
• Aponeurosis – flattened sheet of dense connective
tissue which attaches the
muscle to bone/skin
• Raphe – fibrous band made up of
inter-digitating aponeurosis of the muscle
 Muscle Roles in Motion
• Prime mover = most responsible for action
• Antagonist = opposite action as prime mover
• Synergist = assists prime mover in action
• Fixator = stabilizes joint during action
 Terms related to vessels
• Arteries – carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
(exception: umbilical artery, pulmonary artery)
• Veins – carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart
• Arterioles – smallest branches of the arteries within the
tissue
• Venules – minute vessels in the tissue which join to form
vein
• Capillaries – microscopic vessels connecting arterioles with
venules
• Anastamoses- communication between
the neighbouring vessels