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IF YOU DON’T
UNDERSTAND ,

STEP BACK
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SPNBOVT QPOUJGFY

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ARGENTINA

SÍMON BOLÍVAR

ROMANUS PONTIFEX

PARAGUAY

ALPACAS

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 SOUTH
AMERICA
 GEOGRAPHICAL STRUCTURE
The continent's
our
topography is often likened to a huge bowl owing to its
flat interior almost ringed by high mountains.
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THREE MAIN TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES:

The Andes
A central lowland
The extensive Brazilian and Guiana Highlands in the east.
BORDERS
West – Pacific Ocean
North and East – Atlantic Ocean
North West – North America and the Caribbean Sea.

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 COUNTRIES IN SOUTH AMERICA ARE:
Argentina Guyana
Bolivia Paraguay
Brazil Peru
Chile Suriname
Colombia Uruguay
Ecuador Venezuela
Part of France (French Guiana),
A non-sovereign area (the Falkland Islands, a British Overseas Territory though
this is disputed by Argentina).
In addition to this, the ABC islands of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Trinidad
and Tobago, and Panama may also be considered part of South America

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 BEFORE COLONIZATION
Evidence of the presence of
belief systems
Millenarianism
 A belief that the end of the
world was periodically
imminent.

Flagellation
 Flogging or beating, either as
a religious discipline or for
sexual gratification

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 BEFORE COLONIZATION

 Agricultural practices in South America dates back to circa 6500 BCE,

when potatoes, chilies and beans began to be cultivated for food in the
Amazon basin.

 South American cultures began domesticating llamas and alpacas in the

highlands of the Andes circa 3500 BCE.

 Fishing became a widespread practice along the coast, with fish being the
primary source of food for those communities.
 Irrigation systems were also developed at this time, which aided in the
rise of agrarian societies.

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 BEFORE COLONIZATION

ALPACAS LLAMA

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 BEFORE COLONIZATION
CIVILIZATIONS
Norte Chico Chibchan Nations
 One of six civilizations to develop  The Chibcha-speaking communities were
independently in the world. the most numerous, the most extended by
 It is believed to have been the only territory, and the most socio-economically
civilization dependent on fishing developed of the Pre-Hispanic Colombian
rather than agriculture to support its cultures.
population.  Muisca
 The most advanced and formed
Cañari
one of the four grand
 The Cañari were the indigenous
civilizations in the America.
natives of today's Ecuadorian
 Meaning "people" or "person"
provinces of Cañar and Azuay at the
 "The Salt People"
time of European contact.

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 BEFORE COLONIZATION

Andean civilizations
• Moche
 Skilled artisans
 They practiced human sacrifice, had blood-drinking rituals, and their religion
incorporated non-procreative sexual practices (such as fellatio).
• Inca
 Dominated the Andes region
 Cities were built with precise, unmatched stonework, constructed over many
levels of mountain terrain.

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SOUTH AMERICA DURING COLONIALISM

 Between 1452 and 1493, a series of

papal bulls (Dum Diversas, Romanus
Pontifex, and Inter caetera) paved
the way for the European
colonization and Catholic missions
in the New World. These authorized
the European Christian nations to
"take possession" of non-Christian
lands and encouraged subduing and
converting the non-Christian people
of Africa and the Americas

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 SOUTH AMERICA DURING COLONIALISM

 In 1494, Portugal and Spain, the two

great maritime powers of that time,
signed the Treaty of Tordesillas in the
expectation of new lands being
discovered in the west. Through the
treaty, they agreed that all the land
outside Europe should be an exclusive
duopoly between the two countries.
The treaty established an imaginary
line along a north-south meridian 370
leagues west of Cape Verde Islands,
roughly 46° 37' W.

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 In terms of the treaty, all land to the west of
the line (which is now known to include most
of the South American soil), would belong to
Spain, and all land to the east, to Portugal.
Because accurate measurements of longitude
were not possible at that time, the line was not
strictly enforced, resulting in a Portuguese
expansion of Brazil across the meridian.

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 SOUTH AMERICA DURING COLONIALISM
 In 1498, during his third voyage to
the America, Christopher Columbus
sailed near the Orinoco Delta and
then landed in the Gulf of Paria
(Actual Venezuela).
 Amazed by the great offshore current
of freshwater which deflected his
course eastward, Columbus
expressed in his moving letter to
Isabella I and Ferdinand II that he
must have reached heaven on Earth
(terrestrial paradise):
Great signs are these of the Terrestrial Paradise,
for the site conforms to the opinion of the holy and
wise theologians whom I have mentioned. And
likewise, the [other] signs conform very well, for I
have never read or heard of such a large quantity
of fresh water being inside and in such close
proximity to salt water; the very mild
temperateness also corroborates this; and if the
water of which I speak does not proceed from
Paradise then it is an even greater marvel, because
I do not believe such a large and deep river has
ever been known to exist in this world.
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SOUTH AMERICA DURING COLONIALISM

 Beginning in 1499, the

people and natural
resources of South America
were repeatedly exploited
by foreign conquistadors,
first from Spain and later
from Portugal. These
competing colonial nations
claimed the land and
resources as their own and
divided it into colonies.

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 SOUTH AMERICA DURING COLONIALISM
 European diseases (smallpox,
influenza, measles and
typhus) to which the native
populations had no resistance
were the overwhelming cause
of the depopulation of the
Native American population.
Cruel systems of forced labor
(such as encomiendas and
mining industry's mita) under
Spanish control also
contributed to depopulation.

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SOUTH AMERICA DURING COLONIALISM

 Following this, African

slaves, who had developed
immunity to these diseases,
were quickly brought in to
replace them.

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 SOUTH AMERICA DURING COLONIALISM

 The Spaniards were committed to

converting their American subjects
to Christianity and were quick to
purge any native cultural practices
that hindered this end.

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SOUTH AMERICA DURING COLONIALISM

 However, most initial attempts at this

were only partially successful; American
groups simply blended Catholicism with
their traditional beliefs. The Spaniards
did not impose their language to the
degree they did their religion. In fact, the
missionary work of the Roman Catholic
Church in Quechua, Nahuatl, and Guarani
actually contributed to the expansion of
these American languages, equipping
them with writing systems.

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 SOUTH AMERICA DURING COLONIALISM

 Eventually, the natives and the Spaniards

interbred, forming a Mestizo class.
Mestizos and the Native Americans were
often forced to pay unfair taxes to the
Spanish government and were punished
harshly for disobeying their laws. Many
native artworks were considered pagan
idols and destroyed by Spanish
explorers. This included a great number
of gold and silver sculptures, which were
melted down before transport to Europe

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 INDEPENDENCE OF SOUTH AMERICA

 After three centuries

colonial rule, except from
Cuba and Puerto Rico who
remained under the
Spanish rule until the
Spanish-American War in
1898.

 By 1898, all Latin American

countries had become
General José de
independent nations Simón Bolívar San Martín
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 SOUTH AMERICA AFTER COLONIALISM

 Spread and influence of Christianity

 Spanish, English, Portuguese, Dutch and French
 Millions of natives died and were killed
 Resources of Latin America were mined by European nations they gained
their independence
 Establishing the legitimacy of their new government
 Iberian political government and representative government
 They adopted government models from northern Europe and United states

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