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CHM 138
Chapter 2
16 X + 8Y 8 X2 Y
THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
Element
- A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by
chemical means.
Atom
-The basic unit of an element that can enter into chemical
combination
Proton
- The positively charged particles in the nucleus
Neutron
- Electrically neutral particles having a mass slightly greater than
that of protons
Electron
- Negatively charged particles
THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
electron
mass p ≈ mass n ≈ 1840 x mass e-
6
Atomic number, Mass number and Isotopes
Atomic number (Z)
= number of protons in nucleus
Mass number (A)
= number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons
Mass Number A
ZX
Element Symbol
Atomic Number
Example:
Mass Number 16
Atomic Number
O Element Symbol
8
1) Hydrogen
1H 2H (D) 3H (T)
1 1 1
2) Uranium
235 U 238 U
92 92
Noble Gas
Halogen
The Modern Periodic Table
Group
Period
Alkali Earth Metal
Alkali Metal
MOLECULES AND IONS
• A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a definite
arrangement held together by chemical forces
H2 H2 O NH3 CH4
diatomic elements
• A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms
• Examples: O3, H2O, NH3, CH4
• An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net positive or
negative charge.
11 protons 11 protons
Na 11 electrons Na+ 10 electrons
17 protons 17 protons
Cl 17 electrons Cl- 18 electrons
• A monatomic ion contains only one atom
• Examples: Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, O2-, Al3+, N3-
No. of protons = 34
Charge = 2- (accept of 2 electrons)
No. of electrons = 34 + 2 = 36
CHEMICAL FORMULAS
A molecular formula shows the exact number of atoms of each element
in the smallest unit of a substance
Allotrope: one of two or more distinct forms of an element.
- Example: two allotropic forms of the element carbon which
are diamond and graphite.
An empirical formula shows the simplest whole-number ratio of the
atoms in a substance
Molecular formula Empirical formula
H2O H2O
C6H12O6 CH2O
O3 O
N2H4 NH2
Al3+ O2-
Charge 3+ 2-
Simplest ration
of ion combined 2 3
NH4+ CO32-
Charge 1+ 2-
Simplest ration
of ion combined 2 1
1) Elements:
• Refer to the periodic table
- Examples:
i) Na = sodium
ii) Si = silicon
2) Ionic Compounds
– Often a metal (cation) + nonmetal (anion)
– Binary compounds (compounds formed from
two elements)
- first element named is the metal cation
followed by the nonmetallic anion.
– Anion (nonmetal), add “ide” to element name
– Examples:
i) BaCl2 = barium chloride
ii)K2O = potassium oxide
iii) Mg(OH)2 = Magnesium hydroxide
• Transition metal ionic compounds
- older nomenclature system:
- ending “ous” cation with fewer positive charges
- ending “ic” to the cation with more positive charges
- examples: Fe2+ ferrous ion
Fe3+ ferric ion
- indicate charge on metal with Roman numerals
Examples:
i) FeCl2 2 Cl- -2 so Fe is +2 iron(II) chloride
ii) FeCl3 3 Cl- -3 so Fe is +3 iron(III) chloride
iii) Cr2S3 3 S-2 -6 so Cr is +3 (6/2) chromium(III) sulfide
3) Molecular compounds
- place the name of the first element in the
formula first and second element is named
by adding “-ide” to the root of element name
- Nonmetals or nonmetals + metalloids
- Common names: H2O, NH3, CH4
- Element furthest to the left in a period and
closest to the bottom of a group on
periodic table is placed first in formula
- If more than one compound can be formed
from the same elements, use prefixes to
indicate number of each kind of atom
- Last element name ends in “-ide”
Guidelines in naming compounds
with prefixes
• The prefix ‘mono-’ maybe omitted for the first
element.
• For oxides, the ending ‘a’ in the prefix is
sometimes omitted.
- for example: N2O4 maybe called dinitrogen
teroxide rather than dinitrogen teraoxide.
Molecular Compounds
HI hydrogen iodide
• Examples:
i) HNO3 nitric acid
ii) H2CO3 carbonic acid
iii) H3PO4 phosphoric acid
iv) HCIO3 chloric acid
v) H2SO4 sulfuric acid
vi) HIO3 iodic acid
vii)HBrO3 bromic acid
Naming Oxoacids and Oxoanions
39
The rules for naming oxoanions, anions of oxoacids,
are as follows:
1. When all the H ions are removed from the “-ic” acid,
the anion’s name ends with “-ate”.
2. When all the H ions are removed from the “-ous” acid,
the anion’s name ends with “-ite.”
3. The names of anions in which one or more but not all
the hydrogen ions have been removed must indicate the
number of H ions present.
For example:
– H3PO4 Phosphoric acid
– H2PO4- dihydrogen phosphate
– HPO4 2- hydrogen phosphate
– PO43- phosphate
• A base can be defined as a substance that yields
hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.
• Examples:
CuSO4•5H2O CuSO4
ATOMIC MASS
• Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in atomic mass units (amu)
• One atomic mass unit – a mass exactly equal to one-twelfth the
mass of one carbon-12 atom.
By definition:
1 atom 12C “weighs” 12 amu
On this scale:
1H = 1.008 amu
16O = 16.00 amu
• The average atomic mass is the weighted average of
all of the naturally occurring isotopes of the
element.
Dozen = 12
Pair = 2
2 x (12.01 g)
%C = x 100% = 52.14%
46.07 g
6 x (1.008 g)
%H = x 100% = 13.13%
46.07 g
1 x (16.00 g)
%O = x 100% = 34.73%
46.07 g
C2H6O 52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%
Determination of empirical formula
Determine the empirical formula of a compound that has the
following percent composition by mass:
* Assume we have 100 g of the compound, then each percentage
can be converted directly to grams.
K: 24.75%, Mn: 34.77%, O: 40.51%
Elements K Mn O
Mass (g) 24.75 34.77 40.51
mol 24.75 g 34.77 g 40.51 g
39.10 g/mol 54.94 g/mol 16.00 g/mol
= 0.6330 = 0.6329 = 2.532
Simplest 0.6330 0.6329 2.532
ratio 0.6329 0.6329 0.6329
≈1 =1 ≈4
Empirical formula = KMnO4
Determination of empirical formula
Elements C H O
Mass (g) 40.92 4.58 54.50
mol 40.92 g 4.58 g 54.50 g
12.01 g/mol 1.008 g/mol 16.00 g/mol
= 3.407 = 4.54 = 3.406
Simplest 3.407 4.54 3.406
ratio 3.406 3.406 3.406
≈1 x 3 =1.33 x 3 =1 x 3
=3 =4 =3
Elements N O
Determination of Mass (g) 1.52 3.47
empirical formula mol 1.52 g 3.47 g
14.01 g/mol 16.00 g/mol
= 0.108 = 0.217
Simplest ratio 0.108 0.217
0.108 0.108
≈1 ≈2
Empirical formula = NO2
Determination of molecular formula
1) Empirical molar mass
= 14.01 g/mol + 2(16.0g/mol) = 46.01 g/ mol
molar mass compound between 90 g/mol-95 g/mol
2 Mg + O2 2 MgO
NOT
2 grams Mg + 1 gram O2 makes 2 g MgO
Balancing Chemical Equations
6 hydrogen 2 hydrogen
multiply H2O by 3
on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
Balancing Chemical Equations
Reactants Products
4C 4C
12 H 12 H
14 O 14 O
AMOUNTS OF REACTANTS AND
PRODUCTS
• Stoichiometry:
- comparison of coefficients in a balanced equation
- The quantitative study of reactants and products
in a chemical reaction
1. Write balanced chemical equation
2. Convert quantities of known substances into moles
3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the number
of moles of the sought quantity
4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units
Example:
2NO + O2 2NO2
Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100%
Theoretical Yield