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Induction Motors_Note(1)
1
Induction Motor
• Comparing with synchronous motor No dc field
current is required to run the machine.
• Instead, amortisseur windings are installed in the
rotor.
• The machine is called “Induction” because the
rotor voltage is induced in the rotor windings
rather than physically connected by wires.
• It is possible to use an induction machine as motor
or generator, but there are many disadvantages to
use it as generator.
2
Induction Motor Components
1) Stator: Consisting of a steel frame
that supports a hollow, cylindrical
core of stacked laminations. Slots
on the internal circumference of the
stator house the stator winding
2) Rotor: There are two different types
of induction motor rotor:
Squirrel cage rotor (Cage rotor):
Consists of series of conducting
bars laid into slots carved in the
face of rotor and shorted at either
end by large shorting rings.
3
Wound rotor IM
6
5. The rotating flux induces a voltage in the
short-circuited bars of the rotor. This voltage
drives current through the bars.
6. The induced voltage is proportional with the
difference of motor and synchronous speed.
Consequently the motor speed is less than the
synchronous speed
7. The interaction of the rotating flux and the
rotor current generates a force that drives the
motor.
7
IM Rotating Field
Consider a simple stator with 6 salient poles - windings
AN, BN, CN. The windings are mechanically spaced at
120° from each other and connected to a 3-phase source.
9
Number of Poles – Synchronous Speed
1) The rotating speed of the
revolving stator flux can be
reduced by increasing the
number of poles (in
multiples of two). In a four-
pole stator, the phase groups
span an angle of 90°. In a six-
pole stator, the phase groups
span an angle of 60°.
X 100 %
where
s = slip, Ns = synchronous speed (rpm), N = rotor
speed (rpm)
At no-load, the slip is nearly zero (<0.1%). At full load, the slip for
large motors rarely exceeds 0.5%. For small motors at full load, it
rarely exceeds 5%. The slip is 100% for locked rotor.
11
Frequency Induced In the Rotor
Ns N
fR f
Ns
where fR = frequency of voltage and current in the
rotor, f = frequency of the supply and stator field, s =
slip
12
Equivalent circuit of induction motor
Ista Irot_t
Vsup Rc Xm Vsta Rrot_t(1-s)/s
Stator Rotor
Air gap
Stator: Resistance and self inductance , magnetization reactance XM and core resistance RC
14
Rotor: resistance and reactance
Transformer model of induction motor
19
Induction Motors Efficiency and Torque
Pout
Pin
• Motor torque:
Pout
T
m
20
21
IM Torque-Speed Characteristic
• How does the torque of IM change as the load
changes?
• At light loads: The rotor slip is very small and so
the relative motion between the rotor and magnetic
field is very small and the rotor frequency is also
very small. As the rotor magnetic field is very
small then the induced torque is small:
25
Torque-Speed Characteristic
Curve Regions
Low-slip region:
VTH
• I2
R2 2
( RTH ) ( X TH X 2 ) 2
s
Induction Motor Maximum Torque
In IM the maximum power transfer occurs when:
R2/s=√RTH^2 + (XTH+X2)^2
=(0.641)(26.3/[1.106+26.3])^2=0.59 Ω
XTH≈X1=1.106 Ω
2
3VTH
max
2 sync RTH X TH X 2
2 2
RTH
= 3x255.2^2 x 0.332 /
{188.5x[(0.59+0.332)^2+(1.106+0.464)^2]}=104 N.m.
c) Rotor resistance is doubled, s at Tmax doubles
smax=0.396 , and the speed at Tmax is:
nm=(1-s)Nsync=(1-0.396)(1800)=1087 r/min
Maximum torque is still:
Tmax=229 N.m. and starting torque is :
Tstart=3(255.2)(0.664) /
{(188.5)[(0.59+0.664)^2+(1.106+0.464)^2]} =170 N.m.