2

Lecturer:
Qurratul Aini

Individual Behavior, Values,

and Personality
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 MARS Model of Individual Behavior

Role
Perceptions
Values
Personality Motivation
Individual
Perceptions Behavior
Emotions and Results
Ability
Attitudes
Stress Situational
Factors

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-2 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Example

An enthusiastic salespeople (motivation) who understand

his or her job duties (role perceptions) and has sufficient
resources (situational factor) will not perform his or her
jobs as well if they lack sufficient knowledge and sales
skill (ability)

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-3 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Employee Motivation

• Internal forces that affect a person’s voluntary

choice of behavior. Motivational elements are:
– direction
– intensity
– persistence

R
M
BAR
A S

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-4 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Employee Ability
• Natural aptitudes (natural talents) and learned capabilities (skills
and knowledge) required to successfully complete a task
– competencies  personal characteristics that lead to superior
performance
– person  job matching
• selecting the best
• training & developing
• redesigning jobs

R
M
BAR
A S

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-5 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Employee Role Perceptions

• Beliefs about what behavior is required to

achieve the desired results:
– understanding what tasks to perform
– understanding relative importance of tasks
– understanding preferred
behaviors to accomplish tasks

R
M
BAR
A S

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-6 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Situational Factors
• Environmental conditions beyond the
individual’s short-term control that constrain or
facilitate behavior. Controllable factors are:
– time
– people
– budget
– work facilities
R
M
BAR
A S

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-7 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Types of Behavior in Organizations

Task • Goal-directed behaviours under

Performance person’s control

Organizational • Performance beyond the required

Citizenship job duties

more

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-8 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Types of Behavior in Organizations

Counterproductive • Voluntary behaviour that

Work Behaviours potentially harms the organization

Joining/staying
• Goal-directed behaviours under
with the
person’s control
Organization

Maintaining Work
• Attending work at required times
Attendance

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-9 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Values in the Workplace

• Values are stable, evaluative beliefs that guide our

preferences for outcomes. A value is a principle, a
standard, or a quality considered worthwhile or
desirable.
• They define the right or wrong, good or bad
• Value system -- hierarchy of values
• Espoused vs. Enacted values:
– Espoused -- the values we say we use and often think we
use
– Enacted -- values we actually rely on to guide our decisions
and actions

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-10 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Three Categories of Values

• Personal values define who an individual is. They serve

as guides in handling situations and interacting with
others.
• Organizational values are the standards that guide an
individual's behavior in a professional context. They
define how an individual accomplishes work, interacts in
professional situations, and how he makes decisions
relative to his job/career.
• Cultural values are standards that guide how a person
relates meaningfully to others in different social
situations.

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-11 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Defining Personality

Relatively stable pattern of behaviors

and consistent internal states that
explain a person's behavioral
tendencies

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-12 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Big Five Personality Dimensions

Conscientiousness Careful, dependable, self-disciplined

Agreeableness Courteous, caring, good-natured

Neuroticism Anxious, hostile, depressed

Openness to Experience Sensitive, flexible, creative, curious

Extroversion Outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-13 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Extroversion vs. Introversion

Sensing vs. Intuition

Thinking vs. Feeling

Judging vs. Perceiving

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-14 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.