LANGUAGE - the primary means used

by human beings to communicate with

one another.

- Advantage
- Preservation/Perpetuation
FEATURES

1. System
2. Symbolic
3. Conventional
4. Learned
5. Changes
CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAGE

1. Has symbols
Written: letters and punctuation marks
Spoken: sounds, pauses, pitch, accent or stress,
and intonation

2.Ruled-Governed
3. Creative Act
4.Meanings are in people, not words
5. Effective oral language is clear and
appropriate.
Through appropriate language, we show
our respect for and acceptance of those
who are different from us.

1. Use language that is appropriately

formal for the situation

2. Avoid technical jargon or slang with

those who may not understand it.
3. Exclude from your language, profane
or vulgar expressions

4. Avoid sexist, racist, or biased

expressions that can belittle others
because of their sex, race, age,
handicap, or other distinguishing
traits.

5. Use ethical language – doesn’t offend

VERBAL COMMUNICATION - consists of
all the elements of communication
concerning words.
- VOCAL or NON-VOCAL.

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION –
makes use of unspoken messages that
are so clear that we could read them.
CHARACTERISTICS OF NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION –

1. Gives hints of how people feel.

2. Makes it impossible for people not to
communicate.
3. Primarily involves attitudes not ideas.
4. Behavior provides clues, not facts.
5. Provides much more information.
FUNCTIONS OF NON-VERBAL COMM.

1. COMPLEMENTING
2. CONTRADICTING
3. ACCENTING
4. SUBSITUTING
TYPES OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

1. KINESICS (Body motions).

- Oculesics, Facial Expression, Gesture,
Posture.

2. PARALANGUAGE (Use of Voice)

3. HAPTICS (use of touch)

- Functional/Professional, Social/Polite,
Friendship/Warmth, Love/Intimate.
4. PROXEMICS

- Intimate space (0-18 inches)

- Personal space (18 inches – 4 feet)
- Social Space (4-12 feet)
- Public Space (12-15 feet)

5. CHRONEMICS
- Duration, Activity, Punctuality

6. PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
COMMUNICATION

- Is a dynamic, systemic, or contextual,

irreversible, and proactive process in which
communicators construct personal
meanings through their symbolic
interactions. (wood, 1964)
1. Dynamic process

2. System – complex body or a combination

of related elements organized into a
complex whole

a. Communication if contextual
b. has interrelated parts
c. the whole is more than the sum of its
parts.
d. constraints within systems influence or
affect meanings.
3. Irreversible – “human experience flows as
a stream in a single direction leaving behind
it a permanent record of man’s
communicative experience.”

4. Proactive Process
5.Involves Communicators
6. Meaning in Communication is
individually construed.
7. Symbolic interaction
Levels of Communication

1. Intrapersonal
2. Interpersonal
3. Public
4. Mass Communication
5. Organizational
6. Intercultural
7. Developmental Communication
Barriers to Communication

1. Physical
2. Psychological
3. Physiological
4. Sociological
5. Cultural
STEPS IN SPEECH PREPARATION

1. Selecting the Topic

a. The topic to be selected is one in

which you are knowledgeable.
b. You must select the topic you are
interested in.
c. The topic to be selected must
interest the audience.
2. Scanning the Audience

3. Determining the Specific Speech

Purpose

a. To entertain
b. To inform
c. To persuade
The specific purpose of a speech is stated
in a purpose statement which is a
complete sentence which describes the
objective of the speech.

a. It should describe the results one seeks

his speech to accomplish.
b. Specific, speech should be worded as
such to measure audience.
c. Realistic, contents must be attainable.
4. Organizing and outlining speech

The Major Parts of speech

1. Introduction

Referring to audience, occasion, relationship between

audience and subject, referring to something familiar to
the audience, citing a startling fact or opinion, asking a
question, telling an anecdote, using a quotation, telling
a joke, setting the mood of your tone of your speech,
demonstrating the importance of your topic to your
audience.
2. Body – contains the information you
would want to relay.

3. Conclusion – requires considerable

skill.

a. To review the speech

b. To leave the audience remember
your speech by using effective final
remarks.
Avoid when making a conclusion:

1. Don’t apologize
2. Don’t introduce new points
3. Don’t end abruptly.
4. But do not ramble either.
5. Gathering the Supporting Materials

a. To prove
b. To make memorable
c. To make interesting
d. To clarify
6. Giving the speech impact through
language and style

- Delivered through careful

articulation
- Conversational and fluent.
7. Giving the speech impact through
audiovisual aids.

Auditory aspects of speech delivery

Visual aspects – appearance,
movement, posture, facial
expressions, and eye contact.
Speeches according to purpose and
function

A. To inform – educate or to instruct

- Simple and understandable words.
- Courteous and humble.
- Dignified.
B. To Convince – agree with or believe
in a certain proposition.
- Ideas reach listeners in the clearest
possible terms.
- Properly supported proposition.
- Speak with conviction.
- Insistent and decisive manner of
delivery.
C. To Persuade – attempts to arouse the
emotions and try to urge or rally
people on to action or adhere to a
belief.
- Language that impresses or inspires.
- Picture a lengthy visualization of what future
conditions will be if proposition is put into
effect.
- Be sensitive to bring out the desired
response.
D. To Entertain – attempts to amuse.

- Enjoy and to inject humor to evoke

laughter.
- Language not only apt and easy to
understand but must also be vivid and
picturesque.
- Smooth transition from one piece of
humor to another.
- Speaker must have a friendly and
cheerful disposition.
D. To Actuate – attempts to make the
audience do something. They are
also to convince (stop short of
asking people to do something).

- Language logically be powerful and

compelling.
- Evident genuine enthusiasm on the
presentation.
Speeches According to Manner or
Mode of Delivery

A. Impromptu
- Development of both ideas and
language is thought out only at the
moment of delivery.
- No time to prepare, not know the
topic, or no idea of what he is to talk
about.
- Rambling, repetitious, and
disorganized.
- Does most of the thinking during
the speech itself.
- Should be mentally alert and is able
to clearly express his ideas.
B. Extemporaneous – ideas are
prepared but the language is
composed only at the moment of
delivery.
- Knows beforehand that he is going
to speak.
- Language does not have precision
and carefulness of language.
C. Read or Manuscript – written out and
read word for word during delivery.

Wants to make sure of what he is going

to say.
- Precision, organization, beauty, and
depth of language.
- Smooth and formal.
- Delivery is not spontaneous.
- Suffers from artificiality.
- Point of connection between
speaker and audience is too limited
for most of attention would focus
on manuscript being read
- Enjoys benefits of preparation.
D. Memorized – committed entirely to
memory and delivered from it.

Same advantage as read speech.

Same drawback as read speech.
Requires most preparation.
Speeches According To Occasion

A. Welcome
B. Speech of Introduction
C. Nomination Speech
D. Presentation Speech
E. Acceptance
The Program

1. Opening
2. Welcome
3. Introduction
4. Speech
5. Reactions
6. Open Forum
7. Closing