TOP-DOWN & BOTTOM-UP

APPROACH FOR
NENOPARTICALS SYNTHESIS

Presented by: Nanotechnology

Almas Rana PH-524
PH-04/2018
 Nanoparticle Fabrications
• Design and fabricate nanoparticles that have suitable properties for
application.
• Methods of obtaining nanomaterial vary and mostly depend on the
material, its morphology and also the targeted applications
Key Issues For Nanoparticles Synthesis

• Uniformity of particle size

• Size control
• Shape control
• Crystal structure uniformity
• Purity
 Synthesis of nanomaterial
Two general approaches based on the phase of
starting material:
TOP-DOWN APPROACH
Slicing or successive cutting of bulk materials to
get neno sized particles
BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
Built up of the material from the bottom, atom to
atom or molecule to molecule to get to neno
scale
 Processing Method
Top-Down
Physical processing methods:
methods:
Mechanical methods :
- cutting , etching, grinding
- ball milling
Lithographic techniques:
- Photo Lithography
- Electron Beam Lithography
Bottom-Up
Chemical processing
- Sol gel method
- Two phase method
- Co precipitation method
- Polyols method
- Hydrothermal reaction
- Sonolysis
 Advantages
Top-Down Bottom-Up
• Large scale production • Ultra-fine nanoparticles, nanoshells,
nanotubes can be prepare
• Quick to manufacture • Cheaper technique

• Chemical purification is not • Narrow size distribution (1-20 nm)

required
 Disadvantages
Top-Down
• Broad size distribution (10-1000 nm)
• Varied particle shapes or geometry
• Presence of impurities
• Expensive technique
Bottom-Up
• Large scale production is difficult
• Chemical purification of nanoparticles
is required.
Sol-Gel Method
 Steps involved

• Hydrolysis and condensation of molecule

• Gelation
• Ageing
• Drying
• calcination
 Steps

• Metal alkoxides or inorganic salts as precursors is used.

• Precursors undergoes a series of hydrolysis and condensation reaction to
form a colloidal suspension or a sol.
• Transition of system from liquid “sol” (mostly colloidal) into a solid “gel”
phase.
• Drying of the gel followed by calcination at different temperatures to obtain
the metal oxide nanopowder
 Advantage
• In sol-gel method it is possible to control the shape, morphology and textual
properties of the final materials
• Superior purity and compositional homogeneity can be achieved
• This technique offers ability to control porosity to obtain high surface area materials
• Iron oxide-silica gel composites are 2-3 times more reactive than conventional iron
oxide.
• Ceramic and glass materials can be obtained in a wide variety of forms: ultra-fine
or spherical shaped powders, thin film coatings, ceramic fibres, microporous
inorganic membranes.
 Disadvantage

• Weak bonding
• High permeability
• Difficulty in controlling porosity
• Substrate dependency
• Contamination from by-products needs to be post treated
Thank you