MULTILINGUALISM AND CODE-

SWITCHING IN EDUCATION

• Nauvaldo Bilghaiby Dionindra (180210401101)

• Figo Ahmad Andiyansyah (180210401110)
• Rendy Yudha Pradana (180210401132)
• Clhorida Metana Ayu (180210401)
 WHAT IS MULTILINGUALISM?

Multilingualism is the ability of an individual speaker or

a community of speakers to communicate effectively
in three or more languages. Contrast
with monolingualism, the ability to use only one
language. A person who can speak multiple
languages is known as a polyglot or a multilingual.
Poly means Many and glot means language.
 IN INDIVIDUAL

A multilingual person is someone who can

communicate in more than one language, either
actively (through speaking, writing, or signing) or
passively (through listening, reading, or perceiving).
Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained
at least one language during childhood, the so-
called First language (L1). The first language
(sometimes also referred to as the mother tongue) is
acquired without formal education, by mechanisms
heavily disputed. Children acquiring two languages
in this way are called simultaneous bilinguals. Even in
the case of simultaneous bilinguals, one language
usually dominates over the other.
 IN COMMUNITIES

In multilingual societies, not all speakers need to

be multilingual. Some states can have multilingual
policies and recognize several official languages,
such as Canada (English and French). In some states,
particular languages may be associated with
particular regions in the state (e.g., Canada) or with
particular ethnicities (e.g., Malaysia and Singapore).
When all speakers are multilingual, linguists classify the
community according to the functional distribution of the
languages involved:
• Diglossia
• Ambilingualism
• Bipart-lingualism
 DIGLOSSIA

If there is a structural functional distribution of the

languages involved, the society is termed 'diglossic'.
Typical diglossic areas are those areas
in Europe where a regional language is used in
informal, usually oral, contexts, while the state
language is used in more formal
situations. Frisia (with Frisian and German or Dutch)
and Lusatia (with Sorbian and German) are the
examples.
 AMBILINGUALISM

A region is called ambilingual if this functional

distribution is not observed. In a typical ambilingual
area it is nearly impossible to predict which language
will be used in a given setting. True ambilingualism is
rare. Ambilingual tendencies can be found in small
states with multiple heritages like Luxemburg, which
has a combined Franco-Germanic heritage,
or Malaysia and Singapore, which fuses the cultures
of Malays, China, and India
 BIPART-LINGUALISM

If more than one language can be heard in a

small area, but the large majority of speakers are
monolinguals, who have little contact with speakers
from neighbouring ethnic groups, an area is called
'bipart-lingual'. An example of this is the Balkans.
 CODE SWITCHING

Code Switching is described as a skill of the

bilingual speaker Code-switching is a term in
linguistics referring to using more than one language
or variety in conversation. Sometimes the bilingual
speakers getting problem when they having a
conversation with another bilingual, so they switches
their language from code to another in the
construction of sentence to make the interlocutor
understand, sometimes they do it with the same
language background and it may do so many times.
 CODE-SWITCHING CAN OCCUR BETWEEN SENTENCES
(INTERSENTENTIAL) OR WITHIN A SINGLE SENTENCE
(INTRASENTENTIAL). THERE ARE FOUR MAJOR TYPES OF SWITCHING:

• Tag-switching
• Intrasetential Switching
• Intersetential Switching
• Intra-word Switching
 A. TAG-SWITCHING

Tag-switching, in which tags and certain set phrases in one

language are inserted into an utterance otherwise in
another.
For example:
Teacher: “benar, that’s a good answer”!
“Bagus, good job Santi”!
“Write geh, do not only read!”
The words “that’s a good answer” can be considered a
tag. Sometimes, emblematic code-switching or tag
switching can take the form of intrasentential switching
where categorical equivalence exists between the two
languages involved.
 B. INTRASETENTIAL SWITCHING

Intrasentential switching, in which switches occur within a

clause or sentence boundary. It can take the form such
as, code changing, code mixing, insertion and congruent
lexicalizations. For example:

“Menurutku that’s a good idea!”

“open your matrik book and kerjakan page 10”!
Can you please tell me kalimat apa ini?
I’ll give you a gift kalau kalian bisa jawab

From example above includes code-changing or

complete shifts to another language system at major
constituent boundaries.
 C. INTERSENTENTIAL SWITCHING

Intersentential switching, in which a change of language occurs

at sentence levels, where each clause or sentence is in one
language or the other. For example:
T : “Have you done your homework”?
S : Sudah, Ms!
T : May I see?
S : ini Ms!
T : look at the picture and fill the blanks.
S : yang mana Ms?
T : On page 30
From example above intersentential code switches was to
relate speech that had already occurred in other conversations
in English. And it more frequent than intrasentential.
 D. INTRA-WORD SWITCHING

Intra-word switching, in which a change occurs within

a word boundary. For example:
ujian hari ini open book!
Listeningnya pake speaker Jurusan
Lesson Plan kamu dah siap belum?
Scoring system IAIN seperti itu 50% final test, 30% mid
test, dan 20% daily performances I
 In the class, when the teacher teaches a foreign
language code switching also become strategies learning
in order to develop the students skill in English language. In
the beginning of meeting the teacher uses target language
when they explain the material and then they switch again
into Indonesia to make sure understood for the students.
The student uses the target language as much as possible
but reverts to their native language for any element of an
utterance that they are unable to produce in the target
language.
Although some commentators have seen code-
switching as reflecting a lack of language ability, most
contemporary scholars consider code-switching to be a
normal and natural product of interaction between the
bilingual or multilingual speaker’s languages.
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