 Many different theories of educational

management have been presented by various

writers
 Cuthbert ( 1984)
i. Analytic- rational
ii. Pragmatic-rational
iii. Political
iv. Models that stress ambiguity
v. Phenomenological and interactionist
models
Apakah aspek yang ditekankan di dalam
Model Pengurusan oleh Cuthbert
 Bolman and Deal ( 1997)

i. Structural
ii. Human resource
iii. Political
iv. Symbolic

Di antara empat domain di atas, yang

manakah paling dominan? Why?
 Morgan ( 1997)
i. Machines
ii. Organisms
iii. Brains
iv. Cultures
v. Political systems
vi. Psychic prisons
vii. Flux and transformation
viii. Instruments of domination

Apa kekurangan Model oleh Morgan?

 Six major models of educational
management
 These model are given significant attention
in the literature of educational management
and have been subject to a degree of
empirical verification in British education
 The theories are illustrated extensively by
examples of practice drawn from primary
schools, secondary schools and colleges in
England and wales and in many other
countries
 Formal
 Collegial
 Political
 Subjective
 Ambiguity
 Cultural
 The analysis of these six models includes
consideration of four main elements which
are valuable in distinguishing the theories:
1) The level of agreement about the goals or
objective of the institution. The theories
differ in that some emphasize
organizational aims vs individual purposes
2) The meaning and validity of organizational
structures within educational institutions
3) The relationship between the institution
and its external environment

4) The most appropriate leadership strategies

for educational institutions.
 1) Central features of formal models
 The title formal is used because these
theories emphasize the official and
structural elements of organizations
 Formal models assume that organizations
are hierarchical system in which managers
use rational means pursue agreed goals.
Head and principals possess authority
legitimized by their formal positions within
the organization and are accountable to
sponsoring bodies for the activities of their
institutions.
 The various formal models have several
commons features
1) Treat organizations as system – clear
organizational links with each other.
2) Give prominence to the official structure
of the organization – organization charts
3) Tend to be hierarchical – vertical
relationships between staff
4) All formal approaches typify schools as
goal-seeking organizations.
5) Managerial decisions are made through a
rational process.
6) Authority of leaders as essentially a product
of their official positions within the
organization
7) Accountability
 Structuralmodels
 System models
 Bureaucratic models
 Rational models
 Hierarchical models