Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY

Why Study Solids?
1. ALL Compounds are Solids under suitable conditions of temperature
and pressure. Many exist only as solids.
2. Solids are of immense Technological Importance
Appearance
Precious and Semi-precious Gemstones of many varieties
Mechanical Properties
Metals/Alloys, e.g. Titanium for aircraft
Cement/Concrete Ca3SiO5
Ceramics', e.g. clays, BN, SiC
Lubricants, e.g. Graphite
Abrasives, e.g. Diamond, Quartz, Corundum, Carborundum
Electrical Properties
Metallic Conductors, e.g. Cu, Ag...
Semiconductors, e.g. Si, GaAs
Superconductors, e.g. Nb3Sn, YBa2Cu3O7
Electrolytes, e.g. LiI in pacemaker batteries
Piezoelectrics, e.g. - Quartz

I Wayan Karyasa, Undiksha

Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY

Magnetic Properties
e.g. CrO2, Fe3O4 for recording technology
Optical Properties
Pigments, e.g. TiO2 in paints
Phosphors, e.g. Eu3+ in Y2O3 is red on TV
Lasers, e.g. Cr3+ in Al2O3 is ruby
Frequency-doubling of light, e.g. LiNbO3
Catalysts
Zeolite ZSM-5 (an aluminosilicate)
- Petroleum refining
- methanol octane
Sensors
Oxygen sensor, e.g. ZrO2/CaO solid solution

3. Solids (especially Crystals) have always been fascinating

I Wayan Karyasa, Undiksha

Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY

Solid

Crystalline Semicrystalline Amorphous

Disscusion:
1. Could you explain what the difference among them?
2. Give examples of crystalline, semi-crystalline and amorphous solids!

I Wayan Karyasa, Undiksha

INTRODUCTION TO SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY Chapter 1

Case study :
Quarz is a crystalline, semi-crystalline or amorphous solid?

Alkali
Oxygen
Silicon

Two dimensional structures of Three dimensional crystal

quarz crystal (left), quarz glas structure of quarz
and alkalisilicate glas (right)

I Wayan Karyasa, Undiksha Advanced Inorganic Chemistry

INTRODUCTION TO SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY Chapter 1

Kinds of Solids (Crystals)

In accordance to interaction forces, solids (crystals) can be
differentiated to atomic crystal, molecular crystal, ionic crystal,
polymeric crystal and metallic crystal. Could you explain what
interaction forces they have? Give each of them at least one
example. Please explain what kind of solids the examples below!

Iod
crystal

-Sulphur crystal

I Wayan Karyasa, Undiksha Advanced Inorganic Chemistry

INTRODUCTION TO SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY Chapter 1

Kinds of Solids (Crystals)

diamant

Copper and its crystal

ZnS K3C60
structure

I Wayan Karyasa, Undiksha Advanced Inorganic Chemistry

INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURE OF SOLIDS Chapter 1

2D LATTICE
Counting Lattice
Points/Atoms in 2D Lattices

• Unit cell is Primitive (1 lattice

point) but contains TWO
atoms in the Motif.

• Atoms at the corner of the 2D

unit cell contribute only 1/4 to
unit cell count .

• Atoms at the edge of the 2D

unit cell contribute only 1/2 to
unit cell count.

• Atoms within the 2D unit cell

contribute 1 (i.e. uniquely) to
e.g. the fused hexagonal pattern of a single
that unit cell.
layer of GRAPHITE

I Wayan Karyasa, Undiksha Advanced Inorganic Chemistry