SAGAR GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, BHOPAL

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Unit II
Measurement

Prepared By
Prof. Shiva Soni
Prof. Vivek Patel
 MEASUREMENT
Measurement is a process, carried out by
measuring instruments to determine the numeric
value of a physical quantity.

Basic quantities for measurement in mechanical

field are measurement for length, mass, time,
temperature and angle. These quantities can be
obtained using certain measurement devices.
Properties of Measuring Instrument
 Resolution or Discrimination
 Threshold
 Sensitivity
 Linearity
 Hysteresis
 Backlash
 Drift
 Response Time
Measurement Error
 Accidental Error
 Systematic Error
 Gross Error
 Random Error
 Limiting Error
 Dirt Error
 Contact Error
 Reading Error
 Classification of measuring Devices
• Classification of mechanical measurement and its measurement devices
that will be discussed are as follows:
No. Mechanical quantities Measurement devices
1 Linear dimension • Ruler
• Caliper
• Micrometre
• Angle plate
• Surface pate
• Dial gauge
2 Temperature measurement • Thermometer
• Thermocouple
3 Torque measurement • Brake
• Dynamometer
• Strain gauge
• Transducer
4 Force measurement • Load cell
• Spring coil
5 Flow measurement
6 Velocity measurement
1. Linear Dimension Measurement

1.1 Micrometer:-
A micrometer is a widely used device in
mechanical engineering for precisely
measuring thickness of blocks, outer and inner
diameters of shafts and depths of slots. There
are three types of micrometers based on their
application:
• External micrometer
• Internal micrometer
• Depth micrometer
 External micrometer

Internal
micrometer
Depth micrometer
• An external micrometer is
typically used to measure wires,
spheres, shafts and blocks.
• An internal micrometer is used
to measure the opening of holes.
• A depth micrometer typically
measures depths of slots and
steps.
1.2 Vernier Caliper:-
A vernier scale lets one read more precisely from an evenly divided
straight or circular measurement scale. It is fitted with a sliding secondary
scale that is used to indicate where the measurement lies when it is in-
between two of the marks on the main scale.
Vernier Height gauge
 This is just as vernier caliper, equipped with special base
block and other attachment which make the instrument
suitable for height measurement.
Vernier depth gauge
 Vernier depth gauge is used for
measuring depth of the hole.
1.3 Caliper:-
A caliper is a device used in the metalworking field of mechanical
engineering, to measure the distance between two symmetrically opposing
sides. A caliper can be as simple as a compass with inward or outward-
facing points. After the measurement is taken the distance can be read by
applying the caliper on a ruler or between the jaws of a Vernier caliper.
I. Inside Caliper :-
• The upper caliper in the image requires
manual adjustment prior to fitting, fine
setting of this caliper type is performed by
tapping the caliper legs lightly on a handy
surface until they will almost pass over the
object.
• The lower caliper in the image has an
adjusting screw that permits it to be
carefully adjusted without removal of the
tool from the work piece.
 Pressure Measurement

Equipment used for pressure measurement

 Liquid Manometer
 U-Tube Manometer
 Inclined Tube Manometer
 Pressure Measurement
2. Force Measurement
2.1 Measurement of mass and forces using
balance equipment:- ( Analytical Balance)

When the weights on the plates of this balance are equal, the needle mid-
rod points straight up.
3. TORQUE MEASUREMENT

 Torque is one of the mechanical quantity, which is also

called “moment”. It is measured by unit Nm.
Generally, Nm is same with Joule but Joule usually
used for describing a unit for energy.

 Torque measurement is related to find generated or

absorbed power at the rotating machine.

 Torque measurement devices:

 Rope brake
 Prony brake
 Water brake
4. TEAMPREATURE MEASUREMENT
Introduction:-
 In analyzing mechanical system, until now, only three
basic quantities is required: displacement (L), time (T)
and mass (M). Other mechanical quantities such as
energy, force and momentum can be described by these
basic quantities.

 However, heat or thermal phenomenon need for one

more basic quantity, which is temperature.

 Temperature in the system is a characteristic that

ensure whether it is in heat equilibrium with other
systems. When two or more systems are in heat
equilibrium, there have same temperature.
Temperature measurement technique:-

There have several methods that usually used for

temperature measurement:
• Deformation in solid, liquid and gas
i. Bi-metallic strip
ii. Thermometers
iii. Bimetallic thermometer

• Deformation in electrical resistance and voltage

i. Thermocouple

• Deformation in radiation
 Angle Measurements
Objectives

 To be familiar with the tools used for angle

measurement.

 To know how to use the block gauges to

measure angles and to calibrate measuring
tools.

 To learn how to measure angles using

different methods
 Gauge Block
The purpose of gauge blocks is to provide linear
dimensions known to within a given tolerance.

.
 Sine bars
 sinebar is a tool used to measure angles
in metalworking.
 The sine principle uses the ratio of the
length of two sides of a right triangle in
deriving a given angle

Uses:
 Measuring known angle or locating any
work to a given angle.
 Checking of unknown angle.
Sine Bar
 Sine Table
 Sine table is the development of sine
bar and the procedure of setting it
at any angle
 Sine tables are used to measure
angles in two places.
 Sine table is suitable for larger work
of greater height.
 Sine Centre
 Sine center is basically a sine bar with
block holding center which can be
adjusting and rigidly damped
 Sine center are used up to inclination of
60ᵒ.
 Sine center is very useful device for
testing the conical work center at each
end
 Combination Set

• Measuring angles 90° and 45° angles.

• Determining flatness

• Measuring the center of a circular bar.

• Protractor head allows angles to be set

and measured between the base and
ruler.
 Dial Gauge

 A dial (Indicator) gauge or clock indicator

is versatile sensitive instrument.

 The principle of operation of dial

indicator is a very slight upward pressure
on the plunger moves it up ward and the
movement is indicated by the dial pointer.
 Use :
 Determine Error
 Comparing two heights or distance between
two narrow limits

Application:

 To check alignment of lathe centers

 To check trueness of milling machine
 To check parallelism of the shaper arm
Dial Indicator Gauge
 Slip Gauge
 Slip gauges are precision instrument and are used
where accuracy up to 0.001mm is required.

Uses

 Slip gauges are used for checking the accuracy of

measuring instruments like micrometer, venires, dial
gauge etc. Slip gauges are used as reference
stsndards.
 Surface plate
 A surface plate is a metal flat with square or
rectangular cross section. It has highly
accurate surface which is used to test the
flatness of surface .

Use of surface plate

• A surface plate is extensively used in
workshop laboratories as a reference surface
for testing the trueness of flat surfaces and to
copy the aster surface on a work piece.
 Lathe Machine
Lathe is a machine, which removes the metal from a piece
of work to the required shape &size

Types of Lathe
 Engine Lathe
The most common form of lathe, motor driven and comes
in large variety of sizes and shapes.
 Bench Lathe
A bench top model usually of low power used to make
precision machine small work pieces.
 Turret Lathe
lathe which have multiple tools mounted on turret either
attached to the tailstock or the cross-slide, which allows
for quick changes in tooling and cutting operations.

 Computer Controlled Lathe

A highly automated lathe, where both cutting, loading,
tool changing, and part unloading are automatically
controlled by computer coding

 Automatic Lathe
A lathe in which the work piece is automatically fed and
removed without use of an operator. Cutting operations
are automatically controlled by a
sequencer of some form
 Parts of Lathe Machine
.
Lathe Operations
Work Holding Devices
 Drilling Machines
 Probably first mechanical device
developed
 Principle of rotating tool to make hole
 One of most common and useful
machines in industry
 Come in several types and sizes
from hand-fed to computer-controlled
Drill
Machine Parts
 Only hand feed
mechanism
◦ Control downfeed
pressure
 Manufactured in
bench and floor model
 Four main parts
◦ Base, column, table
and drilling head
Radial
Drilling
Machine
 Standard Operations
 Drilling
◦ Operation of producing hole by
removing metal from solid mass
using twist drill

• Countersinking
– Operation of producing tapered
or cone-shaped enlargement
to end of hole
• Tapping
Cutting internal threads in hole
with cutting tool called tap

• Reaming
• Operation of sizing and producing
smooth, round hole from previously
drilled or bored hole

• Boring
• Truing and enlarging hole by
means of single-point cutting tool
 .
 Spot Facing
Smoothing and squaring surface
around hole to provide seat for
head of cap screw or nut

• Counter boring
Enlarging top of previously
drilled hole to given depth
to provide square shoulder for
head of bolt or capscrew

.
 Milling Machines
 Used to produce one or more machined
surfaces accurately on workpiece
◦ One or more rotary milling cutters
 Workpiece held on work table or holding
device and brought into contact with cutter
 Vertical milling machine most common
 Horizontal milling machine handles operations
normally performed by other tools

59-44
 Milling
Machine

59-45
 Milling Operation
 Highly versatile machining operation
 Multitooth tool that produces a number of chips in
one revolution

Fig:Some of the basic type milling cutters and milling operations.

 Slab Milling
 Slab milling also called as peripheral milling
 Cutters have straight or helical teeth resulting in
orthogonal or oblique cutting action

(a) Conventional milling and climb milling (b) Slab milling operation, showing
depth of cut , d, feed per tooth, f, chip depth of cut, tc, and workpiece speed,
v. (c) cutter travel distance lc to reach full depth of cut.
 Face Milling
 The cutter is mounted on a spindle having an axis of
rotation perpendicular to the workpiece surface.

A face milling cutter with indexable inserts.

Fig : Face milling operation showing (a) action of an insert in face

milling; (b) climb milling; (c) conventional milling d)dimensions
in face milling. The width of cut, w, is not necessarily the same
as the cutter radius
 Cutters for different types of Milling

Fig : Cutters for (a) Straddle Milling, (b) form milling, (c) slotting, and (d) slitting with a milling cutter.
 Shaper Machine
 The shaper is a reciprocating type of machine
tool intended primarily to produce
flat surfaces. These surfaces may be
horizontal, vertical, or inclined. In general,
the shaper can produce any surface
composed of straight line elements.
Modern shapers can generate contoured
surfaces.
Shaper Machine
Operation done on shaper machine
 Machining vertical surfaces
 Machining horizontal surfaces
 Machining inclined surfaces
 Machining irregular surfaces
 Machining splines
 Form slots, key ways
 Tutorial sheet-1
1. Explain the types of error?
2. Explain the term response time?
3. What is the principle of calipers?
4. Explain the working of micrometer?
5. Write short note on sine bar?
6. Differentiate between sine bar, sine table and sine center?
7. What is the principle of temperature measurement?
8. Explain pressure measurement devices?
9. Write short note on break and rope dynamometer?
10. Write short note on combination set?
 Tutorial sheet-2
1. Explain different operation of lathe machine?
2. Write the function of lathe machine parts?
3. Give the classification of lathe machine?
4. Write the principle of milling machine also draw sketch of
milling machine?
5. Explain different operation of milling machine?
6. Draw sketch of drilling machine?
7. Explain the function drilling machine parts?
8. What is the principle of shaper machine?
9. Explain quick return mechanism of shaper machine?
10. Explain radial drilling machine?