SNS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institution)

Coimbatore-35

Single Phase Transformer

By
Mr. K Samba Siva Rao, AP/EIE
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 Transformer
• Transformer is an electrical device, having no
moving parts, which by mutual induction transfers
electrical energy from one circuit to another, at the
same frequency but with changed values of
voltage and current
• It is based on the principle of Electromagnetic
Induction

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 Construction

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 Construction
The main parts of a transformer are:
• Windings (Primary & Secondary)
• Magnetic Core
• Winding Insulations
• Expansion Tank or Conservator
• Leads and Tappings for coils
• Tank, Oil, Cooling arrangement, temperature gauge
and oil gauge
• Silica Gel Breather
• Bushings
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 Windings
• It consists of two windings insulated from each other
and wound on a common core made of magnetic
material
• AC voltage is connected across one of the windings and
is called the Primary Winding
• Load is connected across one of the windings and is
called the Secondary Winding
• The two coils are electrically separated but
magnetically linked
• In both the windings emf is induced by electromagnetic
induction
• The windings are usually made of copper

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 Core
• The construction of transformers can be two types:
– Core Type
– Shell Type

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 Core Type Transformer
• The windings surround a considerable part of core
and has only one magnetic path
• The general form of these coils may be circular or
oval or rectangular
• In small size transformers, rectangular core with
cylindrical coils are used
• But for large-size transformers, cylindrical core
with circular coils are used

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 Core Type Transformer
• The circular cylindrical coils are used in most of the
core type transformers because of their mechanical
strength
• Such cylindrical coils are wound in helical layers
with the different layers insulated from each other
by paper, cloth, mica rta board or cooling ducts

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 Shell Type Transformer
• The core surrounds considerable part of windings here
and it has two parallel paths for magnetic flux
• The 2 windings are carried by central limb.
• The coil is multi-layer disc type usually wound in the
form of pancakes
• The different layers of such multi-layer discs are
insulated from each other by paper
• The complete winding consists of stacked discs with
insulation space between the coils–the spaces forming
horizontal cooling and insulating ducts
• A shell-type transformer may have a simple rectangular
form

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 Shell Type Transformer
• A very commonly-used shell-type transformer is
the one known as Berry and is cylindrical in form
• The transformer core consists of laminations
arranged in groups which radiate out from the
center
• Cores and coils of transformers must be provided
with rigid mechanical bracing in order to prevent
movement and possible insulation damage
• Good bracing reduces vibration and the
objectionable noise – a humming sound during
operation
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 Winding Insulation
• Paper is widely used for conductor insulation
• For low voltage transformers, Enamel Insulation is
used
• For power transformers, enameled copper with
paper insulation is used

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 Insulating Oil
• The oil is used:
– to protect the paper from dirt and moisture
– To remove heat produced in core and coils
– To act as insulating medium
• The oil must possess following properties:
– High dielectric strength
– Low viscosity
– Free from sludging under normal operating conditions

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 Expansion Tank or Conservator
• A small auxiliary tank may be mounted above the
transformer and connected to main tank by pipe
• Its function is to keep the transformer tank full of
oil despite expansion or contraction of oil with
changes in temperature

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 Temperature Gauge and Oil Gauge
• Temperature gauge is used to indicate the
temperature of oil
• The temperature gauge is self contained weather
proof unit with alarm contacts
• Oil gauge is used to indicate the amount of oil in the
tank
• Oil gauge can be fitted with alarm contact to give an
alarm in case oil level drops below a certain level

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 Silica Gel Breather
• Breather is a chamber to prevent entry of moisture
inside the transformer
• The breather is filled with some drying agent such
as silica gel
• Silica gel absorbs moisture and allows dry air to
enter the transformer tank
• This drying agent must be replaced periodically as
routine maintenance

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 Bushings
• Connections from transformer windings are brought
out by means of bushings
• Porcelain insulators are used for transformers up to
33kV
• Capacitor and oil filled type bushings are used for
transformers above 33kV

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 Transformer Working
• When AC supply is connected to primary winding,
an exciting current flows through it.
• As this current is alternating current, it will produce
an alternating flux in the core, which will be linked
by both primary and secondary windings
• The induced emf in primary winding (E1) is almost
equal to applied voltage (V1) and will oppose the
applied voltage
• The emf induced in secondary (E2) can be utilized to
deliver power to any load connected across the
secondary
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 Transformer Working
• Hence power is transferred from primary circuit to
secondary circuit by electromagnetic induction
• The relation between the primary and secondary
voltage will depend on the number of turns of primary
and secondary windings
• If the number of secondary windings is more than
primary windings then the secondary voltage will be
more than primary voltage. (called step up transformer)
• If the number of secondary windings is less than
primary windings then the secondary voltage will be
less than primary voltage. (called step down
transformer)

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 Transformer Working

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 Transformer Working

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 Transformer Applications
• Used in power transmission and distribution
• As step up and step down transformers
• Radio and TV circuits, telephone circuits, control
and instrumentation circuits
• Furnaces and welding transformer

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