THE ENLIGHTENMENT

IN THE 17TH CENTURY

LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Define paradigm shift
2. Articulate ways by which society is transformed by
science and technology
3. Trace the history of science and technology in
different eras and civilization
4. Enumerate scientific and technological advancement
made by people and some civilizations of the
seventeenth century.
• Paradigm shift
radical change: a radical change in somebody’s
basic assumptions about or
approach to something
• Microsoft® Encarta® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

CHANGE IS HARDEST AT THE BEGINNING,

MESSIEST IN THE MIDDLE AND BEST IN THE END.
- ROBIN S. SHARMA
 THE AGE OF
ENLIGHTENMENT
 It is a period in Europe in the 18th century many
writers and thinkers began to question established
beliefs.
Copernican Revolution
 Fact: The Earth is not the center of the solar system,
a result of science revolution.
Mathematics was the common tool used by ancient
astronomers to explain the motion of
celestial bodies
 Remarkable contributions of ancient
astronomers to the development from geocentric to
heliocentric model of the universe
1. Aristotle(384-322B.C.,Greek) – proved that the earth is spherical
Earth was at the center of the universe- sun,
planets and stars were located in sphere that
revolved around the earth.
2. Aristarchus(310-230 B.C., Greek) – the first to propose the idea
that the Sun was the center of the universe.
3. Hipparchus(190-120 B.C.,Greek)- considered to be the
greatest astronomer of ancient times.
 Measured earth’s distance to the moon.
 Discovered the wobbling of the earth.
4. Claudius Ptolemy (85-165A.D.,Greek) – used Hipparchus
observations to develop the Ptolemaic System
which describes the earth as the center of the
universe with the sun, moon, planets and stars
revolving around it in a circular orbit.
5. Nicolaus Copernicus(1473-1543, Polish)- concluded
that the sun and not the earth is the
center of the universe.

6. Galileo Galilei(1564-1642, Italian)) – supported Copernican

model of the universe
7. Johannes Kepler(1571-1630, German) – formulated the
Three Laws of Planetary Motion
 DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

Charles Robert Darwin(1809-1882) – biologist

famously known for his works on evolution and
the process of natural selection
Adam Sedgwick & John Henslow – help brought
back Darwin’s interest to biology & geology
Lamarck’s three biological laws: rejected by
Darwin
 THREE BIOLOGICAL LAWS
 environmental influence on
organ development
change in body structure
based on use and disuse of
parts, and
the inheritance of acquired
characteristics.
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Darwin’s faith was altered after five-year mapping
expedition with the British Army in 1831 headed by
Vice-Admiral Robert Fitzroy(1805- 1865) of the ship
named H.M.S. Beagle.
Observations made by Darwin – laid the foundation to
develop his theory of evolution and natural selection
1. on diversity of organisms, fossils
2. comparison to South American organisms
3. comparison among the organisms in Galapagos
Islands
4. adaptation
 Galápagos Islands
• The Galápagos Islands in
the Pacific Ocean are a
province of Ecuador. The
islands were created by
volcanic activity and
feature high inland craters.
This photograph of
Bartholme Island shows
some of the lava landscape
that is typical of the islands.
Claudia Uribe Touri /eStock Photo
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Finch
British scientist Charles Wildlife
Darwin’s studies of finches
in the Galápagos Islands laid at
the groundwork for his theory of
natural selection. Galapa
His finding that each island
was home to a similar yet gos
distinct species of finch
helped convince him of the Islands
gradual nature of evolution. Tui De Roy/Bruce Coleman, Inc.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft
Shown here is the common Corporation. All rights reserved.

cactus finch of Santa Fe.

EVOLUTION - occurs by means of
natural selection (AS EXPLAINED BY DARWIN)

REASONS WHY NATURAL SELECTION MIGHT OCCURS

OVERPRODUCTION AND VARIATION

oSome species produce many offspring but not
all will survive.
 It means that not all of the offspring do not
have the characteristics to survive in the
environment.
 2. COMPETITION & SELECTION
 May or may not be direct but the idea is
always on the survival of organism
Survivors reproduce and transfer their
characteristics to their offspring.

3. Environmental change
 The organism will change to adapt to the
environment.
 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Sigmund Freud (185-1939)- explain
how human mind works and cure its mild
mental illness(Psychoanalysis)
Main goal:
To make unconscious conscious
He developed:
1. topographical model of the mind
2. Structural model of the mind
TOPOGRAPHICAL MODEL OF THE MIND
Three regions of the mind:
Conscious mind – consist of thoughts that
focus on the present state of the mind.
Preconscious mind – consists of what
can be retrieved from the memory
Subconscious mind – consists of
primitive desires, wishes or impulse
which is mediated by the preconscious
mind.
FREUD COMPARED THE MIND TO AN ICEBERG
Antarctic Iceberg
Icebergs are free-floating
chunks of glaciers,
particularly common in the
polar regions. Although they
Conscious mind are often spectacular, these
ice formations pose a twofold
problem for navigators:
Icebergs may be 90 percent
bigger than they appear from
the surface, and it is
impossible to map their
Unconscious mind presence because they are
constantly moving.
FREUD’S STRUCTURAL MODEL OF THE MIND
The Mind as an Iceberg
Sigmund Freud, the
founder of psychoanalysis,
compared the human
mind to an iceberg. The tip
above the water
represents consciousness,
and the vast region below
the surface symbolizes the
unconscious mind. Of
Freud’s three basic
personality structures—id,
ego, and superego—only
the id is totally
unconscious.
 STRUCTURAL MODEL OF THE MIND
Division of the Preconscious Mind
Ego – drives a socially acceptable way to satisfy
the conscious and unconscious mind.
Id- comprises Eros, the life or survival instinct
of man or destructive instinct of man.
Super-ego – the part of the mind that acts as a
conscience to the ego, developing moral
standards and rules through contact with parents
and society
Microsoft® Encarta® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
 INFORMATION AGE (1970 – PRESENT)
COMMUNICATION one of the most important
tools in understanding society.

It is the act or process of using words, sounds,

signs, or behaviors to express or exchange
information or to express ideas, thoughts, feelings,
etc., to someone else.

Alberts & Papp – divided information revolution

into three.
• Alberts & Papp – divided information revolution into
three.
Important events during the modern information
revolution
First Modern Information Revolution
 invention of telegraph by Samuel Morse
Alexander Graham Bell –patented the first
telephone
Guglielmo Marconi – proved the feasibility of
radio communications, i.e. sending and
receiving of radio signal
Second Modern Information Revolution

Early generation computers were made

available to everyone.
Television as one of the best communication
tools.
Artificial satellites were built and linked the
world.
Claude E. Shanoon(1916-2001) quantified information
and measured it in bits.
 THIRD MODERN INFORMATION
REVOLUTION
Knowledge Revolution- about the
development of communication-related
technologies that improved society.
MESOAMERICAN PERIOD(1200B.C. – 3RD CENTURY A.D.
Mesoamerica comes the Greek word mesos
meaning “in the middle”
Different Periods of Civilization:
1. OLMECS(1500 B.C.-400B.C.)
The top of the society are priests and nobles
who lived in ceremonial centers.
Normal people are living in farming villages
around the elites.
CURVED COLOSSAL heads from volcanic rocks
as portraits of rulers

Olmec Stone Carving

Carved from stone quarried in the far-
away Tuxtla Mountains, this giant
male head is characteristic of the
Olmec work found at the ancient city
of La Venta in Tabasco State, Mexico.
The Olmecs, who inhabited
Mesoamerica between 1500 and 600
bc, were the first in the region to
use stone for sculpture and
 Olmec Altar Relief,
Villahermosa
The image carved in relief on
this ancient Olmec stone altar
shows a man carrying a child in
his arms. The altar is now in an
open-air museum—Parque de
la Venta—in Villahermosa,
Mexico, devoted to Olmec
sculpture. The Olmec
developed one of the earliest
major civilizations in
Mesoamerica.
Olmec Figure
Olmec culture is noted especially
for its colossal stone sculptures,
especially of human heads. This
statue of a male figure wearing a
cape, belt, and elaborate
headdress is known as the
Governor. Discovered at La
Venta, a major Olmec center on
the Gulf of Mexico, it is now
displayed at an open-air museum
in Villahermosa, Mexico.
Invented calendar and carved hieroglyphic
writing into stone.
The mother culture of Mesoamerica.

2. MAYANS(300 B.C. - 900A.D.

Developed methods of farming such as shifting
agriculture and raised bed farming.
 Organized into city-state without political unity but
bounded economically.
Developed numbering system including place
value and the concept of zero.
Developed hieroglyphic(picture writing system: a writing system
that uses symbols or pictures to denote objects, concepts, or sounds, originally and
especially in the writing system of ancient Egypt (takes a singular verb)Microsoft® Encarta® 2009. ©
1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

form of writing that were used for recording

astronomical observations, rituals and religious
matter but was burnt during the invasion of
Spanish conquerors.
Developed a solar calendar with 365 days and
ritual calendar with 260 days.
 AZTECS(12TH – 15TH CENTURY)
Built chinampas or “floating gardens” to plant crops
Aztec Chinampas
To produce enough food to support their
population, the Aztec constructed
chinampas, or raised garden beds, in
swampland and shallow water. The Aztec
capital of Tenochtitlán was built on an
island in the middle of Lake Texcoco
(which later dried up and is now the site of
Mexico City), limiting the amount of
available dry farmland. This 16th-century
painting depicts farmers making a
chinampa by laying cut sod on top of a
frame of wood and reeds.
Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbis
Built empire which has a ruler with his council
consisting of nobles, priest, and military leaders.

Developed a solar calendar with 365 days and

ritual calendar with 260 days.

Believed that illness is a punishment from gods

but still uses herbs and medicine for treatment.
  MIDDLE EAST (17TH CENTURY)
Middle East –a geographic location that extends
from Egypt to Afghanistan where Islam arose.
Islam is a religion of right actions, rules, and
laws that began in the 17th century.
follows the teachings of Muhammad
 Muhammad – was believed by Muslims as the
messenger of God.
 Islam – is an Arabic word meaning “submission
to God”
Islamic Rules are symbolized by five obligatory
acts or the five pillars of Islam.
1. Witness (Shahada)
2. Worship (Salat)
3. Fasting ( Sawm)
4. Tithing ( Zakat)
5. Pilgrimage (Haji)
Qur’an – holy book of Islam
Islam as a religion plays an important role in
Arab ways of living and in advancement of
science.
Contribution to Geography
Salat prayers require knowledge in geography
to know the direction of the Qublah, i.e., the
direction that should be faced when Muslims pray.
 In 1166, Al Idrisi produced very accurate maps
including a world map that has continents,
mountains, rivers and famous cities.
 Al-Muqdishi, a geographer, produced an
accurate colored map.
 MEDICAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Arabs made use of cadaver to study and
understand its anatomy and physiology.
Abu –Ali al-Husayn ibn-Abdallah Ibn-Sina or
Avicenna(ca.970-1037) – wrote an
encyclopedia of medical knowledge
was translated into Latin and was used as a
textbook in Europe up to 17th century.
 Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi (854-925 CE)

spearheaded the construction of the Islamic

Bimaristans (hospital)
 AFRICAN REVOLUTION
Remarkable Contributions of Africans
1. Africans made use of the first method of
counting
2. The modern concepts of mathematics that
is globally accepted and used today in high
schools was first developed in Africa.
3. Used advanced techniques for furnace that
made it fuel efficient which was 200 to 4000 C
hotter compared to 16000C furnace used by the
Romans.
Created the building of Zimbabwe and the 11
interconnected rock-hewn churches of Lalibela
in Ethiopia which are considered as wonders of
the world.
Architecture in Africa

Hausa House in Nigeria Millet Granaries in a Mali Village Mosque in Burkina Faso
ROCK-HEWN CHURCHES IN LALIBELA
Observations on Sirius A and B by Dogon
people
Sirius – the brightest star in the sky
 Cushitic people used their knowledge of stars
and constellations to calculate and establish an
accurate calendar.
 Pioneered the installation of false teeth, filling of
dental cavities, broken bone setting, bone traction,
vaccination, brain surgery, skin grafting, and
autopsy.
 Pioneer – the first person to do something
• Teeth with Dental Caries
• This view of the inside of the
mouth shows dental caries, or
cavities, appearing as dark
areas on the front teeth. The
term dental caries refers to the
destruction, or necrosis, of
teeth usually by bacterial
action resulting in a condition
commonly known as tooth
decay. Cavities have been
filled on the rear teeth to
prevent further tooth damage.
 Made use of plants like the bark of the
Salix capensis as a source of aspirin,
Kaopectate as source of treating diarrhea and
Rauwolfia vomitoria as source of reserpine for
hypertension and snakebite.

 Built boats in varying sizes with the largest that

can carry a load of 80 tons.