Compound Word, Blends

and Phrasal Words

Group 4 :
Lalu Luhur Ariesta Wijaya (1803046017)
Novi Kurniati (1803046014)
Alfia Faizatur Rohmah (1803046044)
Compound versus phrases

In this chapter we will look at compounds that is words formed by

combining roots, and the much smaller category of phrasal words,
that is items that have the internal structure of phrases but
function syntatically as words. Roots in english are mostly free
rather than bound.
Consider the expressions a green house, with its literal meaning,
and a greenhouse, meaning a glass structure where delicate plants
are reared.
There is a difference in sound corresponding to the difference in
meaning: in the first expression the main stress is on house, while in
the second the main stress is on green.
Another example :
- black bóard bláckboard
“board that is black” “board for writing on”
- silk wórm sílkworm
“worm made of silk (e.g. a soft toy) “caterpillar that spins silk”
- white hóuse (the) whíte house
“house that is white” “residence of the US”
Compound verbs

Verbs formed by compounding are much less usual than verbs

derived by affixation. Nevertheless, a variety of types exist which
may be distinguished according to their structure:
- verb-verb (VV) : stir-fry, freeze-dry
- noun-verb (NV) : hand-wash, air-condition, steam-clean
- adjective-verb (AV) : dry-clean, whitewash
- preposition-verb (PV) : underestimate, outrun, overcook
Compound adjectives

Compound adjectives are adjectives that contain two or more

words. In general, a hyphen is placed between two or more words
(before a noun) when it wants a sentence to act as an idea
(adjective) that describes something.
- noun-adjectives (NA) : sky-high, coal-black, oil-rich
- adjective-adjective (AA) : grey-green, squeaky-clean, red-hot
- preposition-adjective (PA) : underfull, overactive
Compound nouns

It is with nouns that compounding really comes into its own as a

word forming process in english. Cultural and technical change
produces more novel artefacts than novel activities or novel
properties. Examples:
- verb-noun (VN) : swearword, drophammer, playtime
- noun-noun (NN) : hair net, mosquitonet, butterflynet
- adjective-noun (AN) : blackboard, greenhouse
- preposition-noun (PN) : in-group, outpost, overcoat
Headed and headless compounds

Headed compounds are compounds which have an internal centre

(it is called endocentric), for examples like blackboard,
greenstone, etc.
Headless compounds are compounds which do not have an internal
centre (it is called exocentric), for examples: faintheart (is not a
kind of heart but a kind of person who has a faint heart), pickpocket
( is not a kind of pocket).
Blends and acronyms

• A kind of compound where at least one component is reproduced

partially. These are known as blends.
Example : Smog (Smoke + Fog)
Copas (Copy+Paste)
Movie (Moving + Picture)
• The most extreme kind of truncation that a component of a blend
can undergo is reduction to just one sound (or letter), usually the
first. Blends made up of initial letters are known as acronyms.
Example : NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations)
Compounds containing bound combining
forms

Most of the compounds that we have looked at so far involve roots

that are free forms. But the vocabulary of English, especially in
scientific and technical areas, includes a huge repertoire of
compounds that are made up of bound roots, known as combining
forms.
Example : - Anthropology
- Sociology
- Psychology
- Plantigrade
Phrasal Words

In some of the compounds that we have looked at so far,

relationships are expressed that are the same as ones expressed in
syntax: for example, the verb-object relationship between hair and
restore in hair restorer.
On the other hand, the way in which the verb-object relationship is
expressed in this compound is quite different from how it is
expressed in syntax, in that the two words appear in the opposite
order: we say This substance restores hair, not *This substance hair-
restores.
Examples : jack-in-the-box (noun)
Conclusion
This chapter has illustrated various ways in which an English word may itself be
composed of words.
- Compound vs phrases : black bóard bláckboard
- Compound verbs : freeze-dry, hand-wash, dry-clean, overcook
- Compound adjectives : sky-high, red-hot, overactive
- Compound noun : playtime, hair net, blackboard, outpost
- Headed and headless compound : greenhouse, pickpocket
- Blends and acronym : Copas (Blends), NATO (Acronym)
- Compounds containing bound combining forms : Sociology, Anthropology
- Phrasal words : jack-in-the-box
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