Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
MODULE – 2B
1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Basic Permanent Mold Casting
Slush Casting
Pressure Casting
Vacuum Permanent Mold Casting
Die Casting
Hot Chamber Die Casting
Cold Chamber Die Casting
Centrifugal Casting
True Centrifugal Casting
Semi centrifugal Casting
Centrifuge Casting
kitchenware
3
MOLD LIFE
A significant amount of resources need to be utilized in the
production of the mold, making setup more expensive for permanent
mold manufacturing runs. However, once created, a permanent
mold may be used tens of thousands of times before its mold life is
up. Due to the continuous repetition of high forces and temperatures
all molds will eventually decay to the point where they can no longer
effectively manufacture quality castings. The number of castings
produced by that particular mold before it had to be replaced is
termed mold life . Many factors effect mold life such as the molds
operating temperature, mold material and casting metal
4
CORES AND SEMI PERMANENT MOLD CASTING
5
STEP BY STEP PROCESS – PERMANENT MOLD
CASTING
6
STEP-1 MOLD CREATION PICTORIAL DESCRIPTION
7
STEP -2
8
STEP-2 PICTORIAL DESCRIPTION
9
STEP-3 The two parts of the mold must be closed and held
together with force, using some sort of mechanical means. Most
likely the mold will be heated prior to the pouring of the metal
casting. A possible temperature that a permanent metal casting
mold may be heated before pouring could be around 350F (175C).
The heating of the mold will facilitate the smoother flow of the liquid
metal through the molds gating system and casting cavity. Pouring a
metal casting in a heated mold will also reduce the thermal shock
encountered by the mold due to the high temperature gradient
between the molten metal and the mold. This will act to increase
mold life. Once securely closed and heated the permanent mold is
ready for the pouring of the cast part
10
STEP-3 PICTORIAL DESCRIPTION
11
STEP-4 SOLIDIFICATION
12
STEP -5
13
STEP -5 CAST REMOVAL PICTORIAL DESCRIPTION
14
BASIC PERMANENT MOLD CASTING SUMMARY
15
CONSIDERATIONS PERMANENT MOLD CASTING
Generally this manufacturing process is only suited for materials
with lower melting temperatures, such as zinc, copper, magnesium,
and aluminum alloys.
Cast iron parts are also manufactured by this process but the high
melting temperature of cast iron is hard on the mold.
The mold may be cooled by water or heat fins to help the dissipation
of heat during the casting process.
Due to the need to open and close the mold to remove the work
piece, part geometry is limited.
Due to the nature of the mold the metal casting will solidify rapidly.
This will result in a smaller grain structure producing a casting with
superior mechanical properties.
More uniform properties throughout the material of the cast part may
also be observed with permanent mold casting.
17
Contd…
The initial setup cost are high making permanent mold casting
unsuitable for small production runs.
18
SLUSH CASTING
Slush casting is a variant of permanent molding casting to create a
hollow casting or hollow cast. In the process the material is poured
into the mold and allowed to cool until a shell of material forms in the
mold. The remaining liquid is then poured out to leave a hollow
shell. The resulting casting has good surface detail but the wall
thickness can vary. The process is usually used to cast ornamental
products, such as candlesticks, lamp bases, and statuary, from low-
melting-point materials. A similar technique is used to make hollow
chocolate figures for Easter and Christmas.
19
SLUSH CASTING STEP BY STEP PROCESS
STEP -1 Mold preparation
20
STEP-2 POURING OF MOLTEN METAL
21
STEP-3 SOLIDIFICATION The main principle of this casting process
relies on the fact that when a metal casting hardens in a mold, it will
solidify from the mold wall towards the inside of the casting. In other
words a metal skin forms first, (as the external geometry of the part). This
skin thickens as more of the metal casting's material converts to a solid
state
22
STEP-3 SOLIDIFICATION
23
STEP-3 SOLIDIFICATION TIME PHASE PICTORIAL
DESCRIPTION
No thickness Increase
after time T1 Thickness
after time T2
Desired
Thickness
after time T3
24
STEP – 4 POURING OUT OF MOLTEN METAL
25
26
27
CORTHIAS CASTING
Corthias Casting: Corthias Casting is another variation of the
permanent mold casting, where a plunger is used to pack down the
molten metal form the sprue hole. This allows for thinner walls and
greater details to be produced.
28
PRESSURE CASTING/LOW PRESSURE CASTING
29
LOW PRESSURE CASTING PICTORIAL DESCRIPTION
30
LOW PRESSURE CASTING- PICTORIAL
DESCRIPTION
(a) The bottom-pressure casting process utilizes graphite molds for the
productin of steel railroad wheels. (b) Gravity pouring method of
casting a railroad wheel. Note that the pouring basin also serves as a
31
riser.
PROPERTIES AND CONSIDERATIONS LOW
PRESSURE CASTING
Low Pressure casting manufacture can be used to produce castings with
superior mechanical properties, good surface finish, and close dimensional
accuracy.
Like in other permanent mold methods the mold needs to be able to open
and close for removal of the work piece. Therefore very complicated casting
geometry is limited.
Since the refractory tube is submersed in the molten material, the metal
drawn for the casting comes from well below the surface. This metal has
had less exposure to the environment than the material at the top. Gas
trapped in the metal as well as oxidation effects are greatly reduced.
The high setup cost makes pressure casting not efficient for small runs, but
an excellent productivity rate makes it suitable for large batch manufacture.
32
VACUUM PERMANENT MOLD CASTING
33
MOLD FOR VACUUM CASTING
34
The mold is suspended over a supply of liquid metal for the
casting by some mechanical device, possible a robot arm
35
A vacuum force is applied to the top of the mold. The reduced pressure within the
mold causes molten metal to be drawn up through the gating system and casting
cavity As the casting solidifies, the mold is withdrawn from its position over the
36
PROPERTIES/CONSIDERATIONS IN VACUUM
PERMANENT MOLD CASTING
This process is very much like pressure casting in the way the mold
is filled, but since vacuum force is used instead of air pressure gas
related defects are greatly reduced.
37
DIE CASTING
38
THE PROCESS/MAIN COMPONENTS
THE MOLD Like in all permanent mold manufacturing
processes the first step in die casting is the production of the mold.
The mold must be accurately created as two halves that can be
opened and closed for removal of the casting similar to the basic
permanent mold casting process. The mold for die casting is
commonly machined from steel and contains all the components of
the gating system. Multi cavity die are employed in manufacturing
industry to produce several castings with each cycle. Unit dies which
are a combination of smaller dies are also used to manufacture
castings in industry.
Due to the extreme pressures and the continuous exposure to
thermal gradients from the molten metal, wearing of the die can be a
problem. However in a well maintained manufacturing process a die
can last hundreds of thousands of cycles before needing to be
replaced.
39
DIE CASTING MACHINES USE FOR INJECTION OF
MOLTEN METAL
In addition to the opening and closing of the mold to prepare for and
remove castings, it is very important that there is enough force that
can be applied to hold the two halves of the mold together during the
injection of the molten metal. Flow of molten metal under such
pressures will create a tremendous force acting to separate the die
halves during the process. Die Casting Machines are large and
strong, designed to hold the mold together against such forces
There are two main types of die casting machines - hot chamber
machines (used for alloys with low melting temperatures, such as
zinc) and cold chamber machines (used for alloys with high melting
temperatures, such as aluminum).
Each process will be discussed specifically in more detail later.
Although these processes vary from each other both employ a
piston or plunger to force molten metal to travel in the desired
direction.
40
HOT CHAMBER DIE CASTING MACHINE -PICTORIAL
DESCRIPTION
41
COLD CHAMBER DIE CASTING MACHINE -PICTORIAL
DESCRIPTION
42
BASIC PRINCIPLE DESCRIPTION
The pressure at which the metal is forced to flow into the mold in die
casting manufacture is on the order of 1000psi to 50000psi (7MPa to
350MPa). This pressure is accountable for the tremendously
intricate surface detail and thin walls that are often observed in
castings manufactured with this technique
Once the mold has been filled with molten metal the pressure is
maintained until the casting has hardened. The mold is then opened
and the casting is removed. Ejector pins built into the mold assist in
the removal of the casting. In most manufacturing operations the
internal surfaces of the mold are sprayed with a lubricant before
every cycle. The lubricant will assist in cooling down the dies as well
as preventing the metal casting from sticking to the mold.
43
Contd….
After the casting has been removed and the lubricant applied to the
mold surfaces the die are clamped together again then the cycle will
repeat itself. Cycle times will differ depending upon the details of
each specific die casting manufacturing technique. In some
instances very high rates of production have been achieved using
this process
44
BASIC PRINCIPLE DIE CASTING PICTORIAL
DESCRIPTION
45
PROPERTIES/CONSIDERATIONS DIE CASTING
Due to the rapid cooling at the die walls smaller grain structures are
formed resulting in manufactured castings with superior mechanical
properties. This is especially true of the thinner sections of the
casting.
46
Contd..
Due to the high pressures a thin flash of metal is usually squeezed out
at the parting line. This flash has to be trimmed latter from the casting.
Ejector pins will usually leave small round marks on the casting. These
can be observed on the surfaces of manufactured parts.
The need to open and close the mold limits some of the shapes and
casting geometries that may be cast with this process.
47
Contd…
48
HOT CHAMBER DIE CASTING
Hot chamber die casting is one of the two main techniques in the
manufacturing process of die casting
49
The shot cylinder provides the power for the injection stroke. It is located above
the supply of molten metal. The plunger rod goes from the shot cylinder down to
the plunger, which is in contact with the molten material. At the start of a casting
cycle the plunger is at the top of a chamber (the hot-chamber). Intake ports allow
50
As the cycle begins the power cylinder forces the plunger downward. The plunger
travels past the ports cutting off the flow of liquid metal to the hot chamber. Now
there should be the correct amount of molten material in the chamber for the
"shot" that will be used to fill the mold and produce the casting
51
At this point the plunger travels further downward forcing the molten metal into
the die. The pressure exerted on the liquid metal to fill the die in hot chamber die
casting manufacture usually varies from about 700psi to 5000psi (5MPa to 35
MPa). The pressure is held long enough for the casting to solidify
52
In preparation for the next cycle of casting manufacture the plunger travels back
upward in the hot chamber exposing the intake ports again and allowing the
53
CONSIDERATION IN HOT CHAMBER CASTING
Hot chamber die casting has the advantage of a very high rate of
productivity. During industrial manufacture by this process one of the
disadvantages is that the setup requires that critical parts of the
mechanical apparatus, (such as the plunger), must be continuously
submersed in molten material. Continuous submersion in a high
enough temperature material will cause thermal related damage to
these components rendering them inoperative.
For this reason usually only lower melting point alloys of lead, tin,
and zinc are used to manufacture castings with the hot chamber die
casting process
54
COLD CHAMBER DIE CASTING
Cold chamber die casting is the second of the two major branches of
the die casting manufacturing process
55
A metal shot chamber (cold-chamber) is located at the entrance of the mold. A
56
At the start of the manufacturing cycle the correct amount of molten material for a
single shot is poured into the shot chamber from an external source holding the
57
The power cylinder forces the piston forward in the chamber cutting off the intake
port. The power cylinder moves the piston forward which forces the molten
material into the metal casting mold with great pressure. The pressure causes the
liquid metal to fill in even thin sections of the casting and press the mold walls for
great surface detail. The pressure is maintained even after the injection phase of
casting manufacture
58
COLD CHAMBER MACHINE – PICTORIAL VIEW
59
COLD CHAMBER PROCESS CONSEDRATIONS
Once the metal casting begins to solidify the pressure is released.
Then the mold is opened and the casting is removed by way of
ejector pins. The mold is sprayed with lubricant before closing again,
and the piston is withdrawn in the shot chamber for the next cycle of
casting production
60
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HOT AND COLD CHAMBER
The main difference between cold-chamber die casting and hot-
chamber die casting manufacture is that in cold-chamber die casting
the molten metal for the casting is introduced to the shot chamber
from an external source, while in hot chamber casting the source of
molten material is attached to the machine. In the hot-chamber
process certain machine apparatus is always in contact with molten
metal.
For this reason higher melting point materials will create a problem
for the machinery in a hot-chamber metal casting setup. Since the
liquid metal is brought in from an outside source, the die casting
machinery is able to stay much cooler in a cold-chamber process.
61
PROCESS CAPABILITIES AND DIES SELECTION
62
VARIOUS TYPES OF CAVITIES IN A DIE CASTING DIE.
a) Single – cavity
die
b) Multiple – cavity
die
c) Combination die
63
800 ton hot chamber die casting machine, DAM 8005. This is the largest
hot chamber machine in the world and costs about $1.25 million.
64
DIE CAST PRODUCTS - EXAMPLES
65
CENTRIFUGAL CASTING
The main principle behind any centrifugal casting is metal that is
poured in to a rotating mold exactly at center is thrown outward due
to the action of centrifugal force. The main advantage of centrifugal
casting is the impurities get accumulated exactly at the center. The
types of centrifugal castings are
66
TRUE CENTRIFUGAL CASTING
67
STEP BY STEP PROCESS TRUE CENTIFUGAL
CASTING
COOLING - With all of the molten metal in the mold, the mold
remains spinning as the metal cools. Cooling begins quickly at the
mold walls and proceeds inwards.
68
Contd…
69
PICTORIAL DESCRIPTION TRUE CENTRIFUGAL
CASTING
70
71
72
73
APPLICATION OF TRUE CENTRIFUGAL CASTING
74
CONSIDERATION/PROPERTIES TRUE
CANTRIFUGAL CASTING
True centrifugal casting is a great manufacturing process for
producing hollow cylindrical parts.
75
Contd….
Since large forces press the molten material for the cast part against
the mold wall during the manufacturing operation, great surface
finish and detail are characteristic of true centrifugal casting
76
SEMI CENTRIFUGAL CASTING
77
In semi centrifugal casting manufacture a permanent mold may be
employed. However often industrial manufacturing processes will utilize
an expendable sand mold. This enables the casting of parts from high
temperature material
78
The molten material for the metal casting is poured into a pouring basin
and is distributed through a central sprue to the areas of the mold. The
forces generated by the rotation of the mold ensure the distribution of
79
As the casting solidifies in a rotating mold, the centripetal forces
constantly push material out from the central sprue/riser. This material
80
The high forces in the outer section that push the molten material against
the mold wall also ensure a great surface finish of cast parts manufactured
by semi centrifugal casting. Another feature of this process, attributed to
the usage of centripetal forces, is that impurities within the metal, (such as
solid inclusions and trapped air), will form towards the inner regions of the
casting. This particular detail is also a feature in other types of centrifugal
casting manufacture
81
In industrial manufacture of parts by semi centrifugal casting it is
common to machine out the impurity filled center section, leaving only the
82
SEMI CENTRIFUGAL CASTING PICTORIAL
DESCRIPTION
83
CENTRIFUGING CASTING
The process is used for smaller parts and radial symmetry of the
part is not the requirement as in case of other two centrifugal casting
84
CENTRIFUGE CASTING-PICTORIAL DESCRIPTION
85
SPECIAL CASTING PROCESS- SQUEEZE CASTING
The molten metal is poured into the bottom half of the pre-heated
die. As the metal starts solidifying, the upper half closes the die and
applies pressure during the solidification process. The amount of
pressure thus applied is significantly less than used in forging, and
parts of great detail can be produced. Coring can be used with this
process to form holes and recesses. The porosity is low and the
mechanical properties are improve
86
SQUEEZE CASTING-PICTORIAL DESCRIPTION
Q11 In your opinion which one out of hot and cold chamber die
casting will provide high rate of production and why ? Also discuss
pressure requirement for both type of casting.
88
COMMON CASTING DEFECTS
89
COMMON CASTING DEFECTS
90
COMMON CASTING DEFECTS- MISRUN
A casting that has solidified before completely filling mold cavity
91
COMMON CASTING DEFECTS- COLD SHUT
Two portions of metal flow together but there is a lack of fusion due
to premature freezing
92
COMMON CASTING DEFECTS- COLD SHOTS
Metal splatters during pouring and solid globules form and become
entrapped in casting
93
COMMON CASTING DEFECTS- SHRINKAGE CAVITY
Depression in surface or internal void caused by solidification
shrinkage that restricts amount of molten metal available in last
region to freeze
94
COMMON CASTING DEFECTS- HOT TEAR
95
COMMON CASTING DEFECT-POROSITY
96
COMMON CASTING DEFECTS- SUMMARY
97
COMMON SAND CASTING DEFECTS - SAND BLOW
Balloon-shaped gas cavity caused by release of mold gases during
pouring
98
COMMON SAND CASTING DEFECTS PIN HOLES
Formation of many small gas cavities at or slightly below surface of
casting
99
COMMON SAND CASTING DEFECTS - PENETRATION
When fluidity of liquid metal is high, it may penetrate into sand mold
or sand core, causing casting surface to consist of a mixture of sand
grains and metal
100
COMMON SAND CASTING DEFECTS-MOLD SHIFT
101
COMMON SAND CASTING DEFECTS - SUMMARY
102
CASTING ECONOMICS
103
CASTING COST OF DIFFERENT PROCESS
104
COMPONENT COST VS NUMBER OF COMPONENTS
OF DIFFERENT PROCESSES
105
CASTING CHARACTERISTICS
106
THANKYOU
107