ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF STRUCTURE – II SESSIONAL

COURSE NO:-3106 CREDIT :- 1.50

WELLCOME TO PRESENTATION
 PRESENTATION ON

ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF BALANCE CANTILEVER BRIDGE

 AUTHORS
Presented To Presented By
Prof. Dr. Md. Mozammel Hoque Group No :- 03
Profesor,CE

Ms. Rokshana Pervin Std. ID :- 151089,151093

Assistant Professor,CE
151096,151098
151110,151124
Mr. Md. Al-Amin Sikder
Lecturer,CE
BRIDGE
A bridge is a structure providing passage over an obstacle without
closing the way beneath. The required passage may be for a road, a
railway, pedestrians, a canal or a pipeline. The obstacle to be crossed
may be a river, a road, railway or a valley.
Types of Bridge
Categorization of bridge (in relation to inter –span relationship) :-

1.Simply supported bridge

2.Continuous bridge
3.Cantilever bridge
 Simply Supported Bridge

Wl2/8

Advantage:-
Do not transfer any moment to columns and foundation
Easy analysis
No stress due to differential settlement
Disadvantage:-
Deflection of simply supported beam is 5 times larger than the fixed end beam
Large magnitude of bending moment requiring bigger & heavier section
Shorter span length
 Continuous Bridge

Advantage:-
Lesses magnitude of bending moment
Smaller & lighter section
larger span
Disadvantage:-
Large bending moment due to uneven /differential settlement
Developing The Idea of Cantilever Form

Advantage of both the simply supported & cantinuous span can be retained
& disadvantages can be eliminated by inserting structural hinges at some of the points of
contraflexure
Balance Cantilever Bridge

Wl2/24

Wl2/8 Wl2/12

Hinges render the structure determinate:

Thus the problem of large stress due to settlement is
eliminated.

Bending moment diagram of indeterminate structure is

retained:
Thus the design section becomes economic.
 TYPICAL SECTION A-A:

LONGITUDINAL SECTION:

A
Assumed Relation
Bridge Design Item
1. Bridge superstructure :
Deck
Girders
Diaphragm beams
Railing
Articulation etc.
2. Bridge pier
3. Foundation:
Pile
Pile cap
4. Abutment & wing wall
5. Approach road
6. River training works
Loads on Bridge
1. Dead load 7.Centrifugal forces: curved deck
2. Live load: 8. Thermal forces
Vehicle load 9. Earth pressure
Pedestrian load
10. Buoyance
3. Dynamic effect of live load
11. Shrinkage stress
4. Wind load
5. Earthquake loads: static/dynamic 12. Rib shortening
6. Longitudinal forces : stopping vehicle 13. Ice Loading
14. River current pressure
Loads on Bridge…….. Continuous
• DEAD LOAD
The dead load shall consist of the weight of the entire structure, including the roadway,
sidewalks, car tracks, pipes, conduits, cables, and other public utility services.
Loads on Bridge…….. Continuous
LIVE LOAD
The live load shall consist of the weight of the applied moving load of vehicles, cars, and pedestrians.

Minimum Loading
HS 20-44 Loading or an Alternate Military Loading of two axles four feet apart with each axle weighing 24,000
pounds, whichever produces the greatest stress.
H Truck Loading
Loads on Bridge…….. Continuous
HS Truck Loading

W = COMBINED WEIGHT ON THE FIRST TWO AXLES WHICH IS THE SAME

AS FOR THE CORRESPONDING H TRUCK.
V = VARIABLE SPACING - 14 FEET TO 30 FEET INCLUSIVE. SPACING TO BE
USED IS THAT WHICH PRODUCES MAXIMUM STRESSES.
 Loads on Bridge…….. Continuous
Equivalent Lane Loading
 Loads on Bridge…….. Continuous
IMPACT

Application
Highway Live Loads shall be increased for those structural elements in Group A,
below, to allow for dynamic, vibratory and impact effects. Impact allowances shall
not be applied to items in Group B.

Group A-Impact shall be included. Group B-Impact shall not be included.

(1) Superstructure, including legs of rigid frames. (1) Abutments, retaining walls, piles except as
(2) Piers, (with or without bearings regardless of specified in Group A
type) excluding footings and those portions below (2) Foundation pressures and footings.
the ground line. (3) Timber structures.
(3) The portions above the ground line (4) Sidewalk loads.
of concrete or steel piles that support the (5) Culverts and structures having 3 feet or more
superstructure. cover.
 Loads
Impact Formula
on Bridge…….. Continuous

in which,
I = impact fraction (maximum 30 percent);
L = length in feet of the portion of the span that is loaded to produce the maximum stress in the member.

For uniformity of application, in this

formula, the loaded length, L, shall be as
follows:
(a) For roadway floors: the design span length.
(b) For transverse members, such as floor
beams: the span length of member center to
center of supports.
(c) For computing truck load moments: the span
length, or for cantilever arms the length from
the moment center to the farthermost axle.
(d) For shear due to truck loads: the length of the
loaded portion of span from the point under
consideration
to the far reaction; except, for cantilever arms, use a
30% impact factor.
(e) For continuous spans: the length of span under
consideration for positive moment, and the average of
two adjacent loaded spans for negative moment.
 Loads on Bridge…….. Continuous
SIDEWALK, CURB, AND RAILING
LOADING

Sidewalk Loading
Sidewalk floors, stringers, and their immediate supports shall be designed for a live load of 85
pounds per square foot of sidewalk area.
Girders, trusses, arches, and other members shall be designed for the following sidewalk live loads:
Spans 0 to 25 feet in length . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 lb./ft.2
Spans 26 to 100 feet in length . . . . . . . . . . .60 lb./ft.2
Spans over 100 feet in length according to the formula

in which
P = live load per square foot, max. 60-lb. per sq. ft.
L = loaded length of sidewalk in feet.
W = width of sidewalk in feet.
 LOADS ON BRIDGE ……CONTINUOUS
Curb Loading
Curbs shall be designed to resist a lateral force of not less than 500 pounds per linear foot of curb, applied
at the top of the curb, or at an elevation 10 inches above the floor if the curb is higher than 10 inches.
 DECK SLAB DESIGN
Dead load moment, MD.L=± wL2/9
𝑆+2
Live load moment, ML.L = ± ×P Here, P = Truck rear wheel load
32
Apply a factor of 0.8 with ML.L if deck slab is continuous over three or more spans.
50
Impact factor, I.F= ± ≤ 0.30
𝑆+125
Impact moment, MIMF= ± ML.L×I.F
Total Moment,M=± (MD.L+ML.L+MIMF )

3 ft 3 ft

S 15"
DECK SLAB DESIGN conti…….
Steel calculation:
𝑀𝑢 As𝑓𝑦
• As = 𝑎 a=
ϕ𝑓𝑦(𝑑− ) 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏
2
Then solve by Trial & Error Method.
2.2
Distribution Factor,D.F= ≤ .67
𝑆
Distribution steel=D.F X As
𝑏 𝑥 𝑎𝑠
Spacing, s =
𝐴𝑠
 DESIGN OF INTERIOR GIRDER
Depth of Main
Girder
H>Ls/14 (Table 8.9.2)
bw=H/4 to H/3 > 10”

Depth of Cross
Girder
H’=H-12”
b= 10”

Note: Depth of Cross Girder at the support will be same as main girder and b=18”
DESIGN OF INTERIOR GIRDER conti…
Dead Load Analysis:
DESIGN OF INTERIOR GIRDER conti…
Live Load Analysis: Shear
DESIGN OF INTERIOR GIRDER conti…
Live Load Analysis: moment
INTERIOR GIRDER: LIVE LOAD ANALYSIS
Live Load Multiplier:
Truck wheel shall act directly on an interior girder. Due consideration needs to be given to loads coming from
adjacent wheel or from trucks of adjacent lanes.

6’-0” 4’-0” 6’-0”

SG
For SG less than 10 ft.
𝑺𝐺
Live load multiplier, α: > 1.0 Table 3.23.1 AASHTO 2002
6
Here, SG in feet
INTERIOR GIRDER: LIVE LOAD ANALYSIS
Live Load Multiplier:
For SG more than 10 ft.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
R ≈ 𝑃1 𝑆 + 𝑃2 𝑆 +𝑃3 + 𝑃4 𝑆 + 𝑃5 𝑆
𝐺 𝐺 𝐺 𝐺

𝑎+𝑏+𝑆𝐺 +𝑐+𝑑
= P1 ( )
𝑆𝐺
𝑎+𝑏+𝑆𝐺+𝑐+𝑑
Live load multiplier, α = Table 3.23.1 AASHTO 2002
𝑆𝐺

6’-0” 4’-0” 6’-0” 4’-0” 6’-0” 4’-0” 6’-0”

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

a
b R c d
SG SG SG SG
INTERIOR GIRDER: LIVE LOAD ANALYSIS

Design wheel load,P’= α x P

50
Impact factor, I.F= ± 𝑆+125 ≤ 0.30

Impact moment, MIL= I.F X MLL

Total moment at any section, (+)ve M= +MDL + MLL + MIL
& (-)ve M= -MDL - MLL - MIL
 GIRDER DESIGN
Flexural Design :
(+)ve moment section will be designed as “ T” or Rectangular Beam
(-)ve moment section will be designed as Rectangular Beam
Design Procedure:
1. Flange width
a) 16hf + bw
b) Span/4
c)c/c spacing of girder
b will be minimum of them.
2.Check T-beam condition
𝑀𝑢
As= 𝑎
𝜑𝑓𝑦(𝑑− 2 )
𝐴𝑠 𝑥 𝑓𝑦
a=
.85𝑓′ 𝑐𝑥𝑏

if a>hf then ,it will be designed as T- beam.Otherwise designed as Rectangular beam.

 GIRDER DESIGN conti…….
For T-beam:
.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑏−𝑏𝑤 ℎ𝑓
Asf=
𝑓𝑦
ℎ𝑓
Mu2 =∅𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑋 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
2
Mu1 = Mu – Mu2
𝑀𝑢2 𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑥 𝑓𝑦
Asw = 𝑎𝑤 aw= ′
∅𝑓𝑦(𝑑− ) .85𝑓 𝑐 (𝑏−𝑏𝑤)
2
Solve by trial & error method
As= Asf+Asw
GIRDER DESIGN conti…….
For Rectangular Beam:
𝑀𝑢 𝐴𝑠 𝑥 𝑓𝑦
As = 𝑎 a= ′
∅𝑓𝑦(𝑑− ) .85𝑓 𝑐 𝑥 𝑏
2

Solve by trial & error method

200
Asmin=(𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛)𝑏𝑤𝑑 𝜌 min =
𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠
Number of Bar = (round-off to the next whole number)
𝑎𝑠
GIRDER DESIGN conti…….
Shear Design:
𝑉(𝑙𝑑)
dreq =
∅2𝑏𝑤 𝑓′ 𝑐+8𝑏𝑤 𝑓′ 𝑐
If dreq < d ,then section size ok.Otherwise increase section or materials property.
∅𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
Sreq=
V− ∅2𝑏𝑤𝑑 𝑓′ 𝑐
Maximum spacing:
i) d/2
𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑦
ii) S =
50𝑏𝑤
DESIGN OF DIAPHRAGM
DESIGN OF ARTICULATION
DESIGN OF ARTICULATION conti…..
DESIGN OF ARTICULATION conti…..