Basics of Mobile Base Station Antennas II

Basics of Mobile Base Station
Antennas II
Claes Beckman
MW-Engineering Professor
University of Gävle
Sweden
Agenda
Antenna Elements
Reflectors
Feed Networks
Array Antenna Theory
Demonstrations
Agenda
Antenna Elements
Reflectors
Feed Networks
Demonstrations
Antenna RF design principles
• Radiators
– Dipole
– patch
– slot (magnetic dipole)
– helix
• Radiation manipulation
techniques
– stacking
– reflectors
– directors
Antenna Elements
• Horn antennas - largest

• Spiral - very large or quite small
• Yagis and Log Periodics - many elements
• Folded dipoles - two dipoles in one
• Dipole - needs groundplane
• Slots - needs groundplane often with cavity
• Patch - low profile but wide
• Loops - thin donut
The dipole
Two-wire transmission line
|I|
/2 /2
I0
L/2
The dipole
Flared transmission line
/2
The dipole
Linear dipole
/2
I0
|I|
L/2
The dipole
Current distribution on linear dipoles
|I| |I|
Iin I0=Iin
L<< L=/2
Iin I0
|I| |I|
/2 < L<   < L< 3/2

Antenna Element Selection
• Size
• Polarization
• VSWR
• Bandwidth
• Beamwidth
• Front-to-Back Ratio
• Orthagonality
• Power Handling
Patch Antennas
•Microstrip on teflon
12 element
dual
•Aluminium patch polarized
patch array
•Probe fed
•Slot fed z
Ch.1 Ch.2
+45° -45°
antenna ports
Stacked Disc Antenna
• Omni directional indoor dual band antenna element

Slot Fed Patch Feed
Cross-shaped
aperture in the Patch position
groundplane
Input for upper Input for lower

channel 1 channel 2
The Stacked Patch Element
Cavity backed
Patches or Dipoles
What is the output signal correlation from a dual polarized

antenna?
Is there a difference between different antenna configurations?
What is the impact in terms of diversity gain of using different

types of base station antennas?
Geometry of the two
Measured Base Station
Antennas
•Dual polarized antenna

arrays of 8 elements.
•Aperture Coupled Patch
elements are symmetrical
and centred
•Dipole elements are
displaced to increase
isolation
Simulated Output Envelope Correlation from Measured Radiation Patterns:
10000 samples
ACP antenna: Slanted dipole antenna:

renvelope ~= 0.3 at -60 degrees renvelope = 0.8 at -60 degrees
Both antennas: renvelope = 0.38 at boresight

due to projection onto the polarization ellipse
Agenda
Antenna Elements
Reflectors
Feed Networks
Demonstrations
Reflector Design
• This is achieved by modifying the reflector
cross-section
• In general: narrow reflector <=> broad beam in
azimuth
• Diffraction from edges differs with polarization
• Horizontal polarization can propagate along the
reflector in the horizontal plan
• Corrugations is a means of reducing the
currents from the horizontal polarization
Corrugations in a planar array
y Antenna radome
with patches on
the inside
Plastic spacers
x
40
corrugation
80 mm
Multilayer
boards
Corrugated Reflector
Number of segments on structure = 41
100
Ex 2-1: vertical dipole 80 Dipole

60
over flat plate 40
900 MHz
y
20
width = 200 mm 0
-20
-40
BW-3dB = 103.3 -100 -50 0

x
50 100
BW: Tot. power=103.358, Vert.=103.358, Hor.=69.9603

0
J Etheta
t
-3 Jz E
x 10 -5 phi
1.5 E
tot
-10
1 -15
Power (dB)
J (A/m)
-20
0.5
-25
0 -30
0
-0.5 100
50 -35
-1
0
-1.5 -50 -40
y (mm) -2 -100 -180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
x (mm)
azimuth (degrees)
Ex. 2-1, cont. 100
width = 300 mm 50
y
0
BW-3dB = 90.3
-50
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150

x

0
J Etheta
t
-3 Jz E
x 10 -5 phi
1.5 E
tot
-10
1 -15
Power (dB)
J (A/m)
-20
0.5
-25
0 -30
0
-0.5 200
100 -35
-1
0
-1.5 -100 -40
y (mm) -2 -200 -180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
x (mm)
azimuth (degrees)
150
Ex. 2-1, cont. 100
width=400 mm 50
y
0
BW-3dB = 87.7 -50
-100
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200

x

0
J Etheta
t
-3 Jz E
x 10 -5 phi
1.5 E
tot
-10
1 -15
Power (dB)
J (A/m)
-20
0.5
-25
0 -30
0
-0.5 200
100 -35
-1
0
-1.5 -100 -40
y (mm) -2 -200 -180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
x (mm)
azimuth (degrees)
100
Ex 2-2: Horizontal 80
60
dipole over flat plate 40
900 MHz
y
20
width = 200 mm 0
-20
-40
BW-3dB = 68.1 -100 -50 0

x
50 100

0
J Etheta
t
-3 Jz E
x 10 -5 phi
1.2 E
tot
-10
1
Current on
0.8 -15
backside
Power (dB)
J (A/m)
0.6
-20
0.4
0.2 -25
0 -30
0
-0.5 100
50 -35
-1
0
-1.5 -50 -40
y (mm) -2 -100 -180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
x (mm)
azimuth (degrees)
Ex. 2-2, cont. 100
width = 300 mm 50
y
0
BW-3dB = 62.5
-50
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150

x

0
J Etheta
t
-3 Jz E
x 10 -5 phi
1 E
tot
-10
0.8
-15
0.6
Power (dB)
J (A/m)
0.4 -20
0.2 -25
0 -30
0
-0.5 200
100 -35
-1
0
-1.5 -100 -40
y (mm) -2 -200 -180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
x (mm)
azimuth (degrees)
150
Ex. 2-2, cont. 100
width=400 mm 50
y
0
BW-3dB = 56.1 -50
-100
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200

x

0
J
t Etheta
-3 Jz
x 10 -5 E
phi
1 E
tot
-10
0.8
0.6 -15
J (A/m)
Power (dB)
0.4 -20
0.2
-25
0
0 -30
-0.5 200
-1 100
-35
0
-1.5 -100
y (mm) -2 -200 -40
x (mm)
-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
azimuth (degrees)
Agenda
Antenna Elements
Reflectors
Feed Networks
Demonstrations
Antenna Feed Network
• Corporate feed designs offer the greatest stability for main
beam location and sidelobe levels over frequency
• Sheetmetal and air is the most efficient and most
susceptible to moisture problem
• Solid Teflon coax is reasonably efficient and resistant to
moisture problems
• Printed microstrip and stripline feeds are the least efficient
and somewhat susceptible to moisture problems
Corporate (Parallel) Feed Network
Series feed
Simple, Low losses
Complex, takes space Frequency dependent beam position
Almost frequency independent (squint)
input
input
Microstrip printed feed network
•Expensive
•Poor power handling
•Easy to design
•Good repeatability
Electrical Tilt
General
D = array length
d = element distance
d  = angle in relation to elevation
 = difference in travelling distance
 
sin()= /d Tilt the antenna electrically

by phasing the elements
relative each other
Adjustable Electrical Tilt
Adjustable Phasors
Power Handling
• Most import for the main feed cable and connector

• Second most important place is the first transformer
where the power splits from the main feed cable to
multiple feed lines
• Element choice import when one or two elements are
used to make the antenna
Other electrical parameters
• The Beam squint is the variation of
the bore sight direction over the
frequency range of the antenna.
• The Maximum input power do
usually refer to the RMS-power
(regardless of the number of
carriers)
• IM3 is the level of third tone
intermodulation products on the
connector, as a result of two
carriers at a specified power level.
Intermodulation Products
n + m = the order of IM product

IMRx = nfTx1  mfTx2
2f1-f2
IM3 2f2-f1
880 915 925 960 MHz

IM3 measurements
An-echoic low IM chamber
D.U.T
triplexer
Power meter Power meter
filter filter
Spectrum
analyser
Tx 1 Tx 1
Impedance
• The Impedance is the relation

between current and voltage
on the antenna connector.
• Generally, the impedance is

50 Ohm in GSM. If the
impedance deviates from the
nominal impedance, some of
the applied power will be
reflected.
Bandwidth
• Describes the extent of the frequency

spectrum over which the antenna operates
in a controlled manner
• Different elements have inherent
bandwidth capabilities
• Often refers the frequency range over
which the antenna has an acceptable
VSWR or return loss
• Pattern bandwidth often larger than the
return loss bandwidth
VSWR
• The reflection causes a standing voltage wave,
which can be measured. The relation between
the maximum voltage and the minimum voltage
of the standing wave is the VSWR.
• This is also proportional to the relation between
the impedance on each side of the connector.
• VSWR is often measured as return loss instead
nowadays. Return loss is the relation between
inserted power and reflected power.
• RL and VSWR are two descriptions of the same
property.
VSWR
• Relative difference between the incident

peak voltage to the reflected peak voltage
• Low VSWR means low reflected power
• VSWR of 1:1 is a perfect match
• Very large VSWR is often the result a
disconnected cable or an equipment
problem
• Also known as return loss in dB units
• Wireless antennas are often have a VSWR
of 1.3:1 or -17.7dB return loss
VSWR as antenna alarm
• A change in VSWR is normally a good
indication of change in the antenna or the cable,
and is hence used as antenna supervision in
the BTS.
• When measuring the VSWR it is important that
no reflected radio waves from the environment
can come into the antenna. This is usually
fulfilled when the antenna is mounted properly
on a cell site.
Agenda
Antenna Elements
Reflectors
Feed Networks
Demonstrations
Antenna Array
General
D = array length
d = element distance
d  = angle in relation to elevation
 = difference in travelling distance
 
sin()= /d Tilt the antenna electrically

by phasing the elements
relative eachother
Stacking 1
Stacking 2
Equal power
Equal phase
+
Stacking 3
Equal power
Equal phase
(same stacking distance)
+
Stacking 4
Equal power
phase distribution
(same stacking
distance)
+
Reflector
+
+
+ -
- +
Array Factor
• An antenna is usually an antenna array
which is an antenna with two or more
antenna elements
• Most commonly used to increase the gain
of an antenna
• Power and phase distribution across the
antenna forms the main beam and shapes
the sidelobe radiation
• Progressive phase shift across the array
results in electrical downtilt
Array Factor
• Gain increases as the beamwidth narrows
• Beamwidth narrows by adding elements to the
array or changing the type of antenna elements to
alter the horizontal beamwidth
• As the antenna array gets very large, the array
fact or increases but the gain may suffer due to
increased losses in the corporate feed network
Array Factor
Horizontal Pattern
• Simple rules of thumb to calculate gain

• One omni dipole is 0 dBd or @ 2 dBi
• 180 degree horizontal beamwidth => +3 dB
• 120 degree horizontal beamwidth => +4,5 dB
• 90 degree horizontal beamwidth => +6 dB
Array factor
Vertical Pattern
• Simple rules of thumb to calculate gain*

• One dipole - 60 degree beamwidth => 0 dB
• Two dipoles - 30 degree beamwidth => +3 dB
• Four dipoles - 15 degree beamwidth => +6 dB
• Six dipoles - 10 degree beamwidth => +7,5 dB
• Eight dipoles - 8 degree beamwidth => +9 dB
• Twelve dipoles - 5 degree beamwidth => +10,5 dB
* for element spacing of 0,9 wavelengths

Antenna Array
Beamwidth
-D/2
 3dB

D
  2
+D/2
Apperture approximation k z  k0 sin  Far field function

D
1 z  D/2 2 sin( k z )
f ( z)   F (k z )  2
0 z  D/2 kz
Antenna Arrays Two Element, Sidelobes, “In-
phase”
Sidelobe
Directive gain (dB)

Elevation 
Antenna Arrays Gain increase
Directive gain (dB)
Elevation 
Antenna Arrays Element
Separation
Directive gain (dB)
Elevation 
Antenna Arrays Optimized
element spacing
Directivity
Element spacing 
Antenna Arrays
Electrical down-tilt


• By feeding the power to the top element before the lower elements,
the waves from the lower elements “catch up” and add in phase.
Tilting
• Tilting is referred to when bore sight of the
antenna is not pointed towards the horizon.
• Sometimes, tilting is necessary to adjust
coverage area or to avoid reflections
• It can be done:
– Mechanically
– Electrically
– Combination
61
Tilt of antenna
Mechanical Downtilt Electrical Downtilt
Radiation intensity does not change at 90 degrees Radiation intensity decreases uniformly along horizon
Radiation Pattern
• The power radiated or received by an
antenna is a function of angular position
and radial distance from the antenna
• Radiation pattern is a plot of gain as a

function of angle (azimuth or vertical) in
the FAR FIELD region
63
Radiation Pattern
• Dynamic Range
• The scale of gain on the radiation pattern
• Normalised diagrams are

normalised to the gain in bore
sight
• Bore sight is the direction with
maximum gain
• Horizontal / Vertical Beam Width
• Open angle between 2 points on each
side of the main direction. (typical 3dB
lower than main direction)
64
Radiation Pattern
• Main lobe
• Radiation lobe containing the direction of maximum
radiation
• Minor lobe
• any lobe other than the main lobe
• Side lobe
• other lobes in the main lobe direction
• Back lobe
• Minor lobe in an opposite direction than the main lobe
• Null
• Low radiation directions between the lobes
65
Radiation Parameters
• Side lobe suppression

• main lobe level / side lobe level
• Null fill
• main lobe level / null lobe level
• Front to Back ratio

• main lobe level / back lobe level
66
Tracking
Good diversity requires good tracking between the branches
Tx air-combining performance require good tracking performance
Level error
Directional error
Tapering reduces sideloobes
Sidelobe
Directive gain (dB)
Elevation 
Ex. Chebychev taper
8 vertical dipoles, lambda spacing
15
uniform
10 Chebychev
0
Gain (db)
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-90 -75 -60 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
Elevation
Vertical Beam Pattern
Measured Radiation Pattern
-3dB Vertical beamwidth
Nullfill
1st upper side lobe suppression
Electrical down tilt

Measured Radiation Pattern
-3dB Horizontal beamwidth
Front/Back ration XPD

Agenda
Antenna Elements
Reflectors
Feed Networks
Demonstrations
General Antenna Aspects
Singleband Dualband (W)CDMA
Performance Performance Performance
• Higher order of IM • 2nd order IM • No antenna IM problem,1-2 carriers
• VSWR • VSWR • VSWR
• Isolation • Isolation • Isolation
Capacity Capacity Capacity

• Radiation pattern • Radiation pattern • Radiation pattern
• Power handling • Planning philosophy • Sectorize tighter
• Orthogonality/XPD • Power handling • Multiband
• Orthogonality/XPD • ±45º slanted dual polarization
Diversity gain? Adaptive antennas?
Limiting interference ratio? Smaller horizontal BW?
Too large? 6-8 sectors/site?
Typical Electrical Specifications
Gain 17dBi
Polarization Linear Vertical
VSWR, 50W 1.3:1
Horizontal 3dB beamwidth 65 degrees
Vertical 3dB beamwidth 9 degrees
Custom electrical downtilts 0
40 degree cone Front-to-back ratio >23dB
Suppression of first upper side lobe >17dB
First lower null fill >13dB
Maximum CW input power 500W
Two tone intermodulation 3rd order -107dBm for 2*20W
Dualband Antenna Choice
Maximum Gain: Equal Gain:
• Compensate for higher attenuation on • Interference limited environment, with
1800 MHz than 900 MHz short site to site distance (enough signal
dynamics, high levels)
• Individual frequency plans, better
utilization • Cost efficient, equally mapped frequency
plans
• Works in both coverage and
interference limited environments • Equal “roll-off” enhance sharp cell border
and implies easier HO-parameter tuning
• Benefits from individual EDT on
respectively band • Benefits from a interference limited
environment, where site to site distance is
very short
Common aspects:
• Equal horizontal beamwidth, to maintain control of cell
sectorization
• Pattern performance (nullfill and side lobe suppression)
important in order to control both bands
• Good IM performance, 2nd order must be avoided
through planning
Antenna types
• Omni directional antennas

• Directional antennas
• Leaking cable
• “Endfire” antennas
• Antenna systems
– distributed antenna systems
– “stacking” systems
– “smart” antennas
3 sector site base station
Omni directional
antennas
Directional antennas

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Basics of Mobile Base Station

Array Antenna Theory

Array Antenna Theory

• Horn antennas - largest

/2 < L<   < L< 3/2

• Omni directional indoor dual band antenna element

Input for upper Input for lower

What is the output signal correlation from a dual polarized

Is there a difference between different antenna configurations?

What is the impact in terms of diversity gain of using different

•Dual polarized antenna

ACP antenna: Slanted dipole antenna:

Both antennas: renvelope = 0.38 at boresight

Array Antenna Theory

Ex 2-1: vertical dipole 80 Dipole

over flat plate 40

BW-3dB = 103.3 -100 -50 0

BW: Tot. power=103.358, Vert.=103.358, Hor.=69.9603

Ex. 2-1, cont. 100

-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150

BW: Tot. power=90.3573, Vert.=90.3573, Hor.=64.0295

Ex. 2-1, cont. 100

BW-3dB = 87.7 -50

-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200

BW: Tot. power=87.6642, Vert.=87.6642, Hor.=57.3357

dipole over flat plate 40

BW-3dB = 68.1 -100 -50 0

BW: Tot. power=68.0578, Vert.=172.4438, Hor.=68.0578

Ex. 2-2, cont. 100

-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150

BW: Tot. power=62.4999, Vert.=169.9413, Hor.=62.4999

Ex. 2-2, cont. 100

BW-3dB = 56.1 -50

-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200

BW: Tot. power=56.0802, Vert.=139.197, Hor.=56.0802

Array Antenna Theory

sin()= /d Tilt the antenna electrically

• Most import for the main feed cable and connector

n + m = the order of IM product

880 915 925 960 MHz

An-echoic low IM chamber

Power meter Power meter

• The Impedance is the relation

• Generally, the impedance is

• Describes the extent of the frequency

• Relative difference between the incident

Array Antenna Theory

sin()= /d Tilt the antenna electrically

• Simple rules of thumb to calculate gain

• Simple rules of thumb to calculate gain*

* for element spacing of 0,9 wavelengths

Apperture approximation k z  k0 sin  Far field function

Directive gain (dB)

Directive gain (dB)

• Radiation pattern is a plot of gain as a

• Normalised diagrams are

• Side lobe suppression

• Front to Back ratio

Electrical down tilt

Front/Back ration XPD

Array Antenna Theory

Capacity Capacity Capacity

• Omni directional antennas

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