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LAB MANUAL

Hematoimmunology System
(Lymphoid System, Capillary
And Upper Respiratory Tract)

HISTOLOGY DEPARTMENT
MEDICAL FACULTY
UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN

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I.
I. LYMPHOID
LYMPHOID SYSTEM
SYSTEM

The lymphoid (lymphatic) system consists


of organs whose tissues and cells impart
acquired immunity to organism.

-Immunity is the term use to describe this


protective response.

-Lymphoid organs : Thymus, spleen, lymph


nodes and tonsils
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Components lymphoid tissue :
1. Reticular connective tissue stroma
2. Mesenchymal reticular cells
3. Epithelial reticular cells
4. Lymphocytes : T and B lymphocytes,
Plasma cells
5. Macrophages
6. Antigen presenting cells

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Classification of lymphoid organs :
1. Central lymphoid organs (thymus, bone marrow/bursa
of fabricius)
2. Peripheral lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen,
tonsils)

Immunity reaction :
1. Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity : T lymphocyt
2. Humoral immunity : IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE and IgD
(antibodies)
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Distribution
Distribution of
of lymphoid
lymphoid tissue
tissue in
in the
the body
body

Tonsils

Lymph nodes

Lymphatic
vessels
Thymus

Spleen

Payer’s
patches of
the ileum
Lymph nodes
Bone marrow

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Bone marrow

Stem cell
produces cells
that ….
Migrate to the Remain in the

Thymus Bone marrow

Migrating to non-
Producing thymic lymphoid
tissue. producing
Interleukins

T lymphocytes B lymphocytes

When activated
by antigens,
produce

Immunoblasts Immunoblasts

Generating Generating

Blood,
lymph
Suppressor T Killer T and B memory
Helper lymphocytes 6
cells Plasma cells
THYMUS
THYMUS
The thymus is a central lymphoid organ
situated in the mediastinum at about the level
of great vessels of the heart.
Structure :
Lobe
Lobules (2) :
1. Cortex : small lymphocyte, epithelial reticular cell
and blood-thymus barrier.
2. Medulla : - Hassall’s corpuscles
- Extend into the core of each of the
lobules 7
THYMUS
THYMUS

1. Capsule
6. Secondary (incomplete)
trabeculae
2. Interlobular trabeculae 7. Medulla continuous

8. Lobule sectioned tangentially


3. Cortex
9. Thymic corpuscle (Hassal’s
corpuscles)
4. Medulla
10. Cortex

5. Lobule
11. Interlobular trabeculae

12. Blood vessels in trabeculae

1. Venula 5. Medulla (thymic lymphocytes


and stroma)
2. Capillary
6. Aggregations of “reticular”
cells
7. Thymic corpuscle (Hassal’s
3. Trabecula corpuscle)
8. Degenerating center of thymic
4. Cortex (thymic corpuscle)
lymphocytes) 9. Reticular cells in
10. Isolated “reticular” 8cells
Epithelial
Desmosome reticular cell

Desmosome

Lymphocytes

Desmosome

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Histogenesis and involution :
• Third pharyngeal pouches (endodermal)

Functions :
1. T-lymphocyte production
2. Hormone production : thymopoietin, thymosin
3. Blood-thymus barrier

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LYMPH
LYMPH NODES
NODES
Lymph nodes are encapsulated spherical
or kidney-shaped organ composed of
lymphoid tissue.

Scattered in group along lymphatic vessels in


the neck, axilla, groin, thorax and abdomen,
they act as in-line filter of the lymph,
removing antigen and cellular debris and
adding Ig.
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Structure (5) :
1. Cortex :
The dark-staining owing to presence of tightly packed
lymphocytes.
Secondary lymphoid nodules (containing primarily B
lymphocytes) with germinal centers.

2. Medulla :
Lighter staining than cortex.
Composed of cords of lymphoid tissue (medullary cord)
separated by medullary sinuses.

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3. Paracortical zone :
This is the T-dependent region, lying between the
cortical lymphoid nodules and the medulla.
Characteristized by the presence of many high-
endothelial post capillary venules.
4. Lymphatic Vessels :
- Afferent lymphatic vessels
- Efferent lymphatic vessels
Afferent vessels subcapsular sinus peritrabecular
Sinuses medullary sinuses efferent vessels
exiting through the hilum

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Function :
- Filtration of lymph

- Lymphocyte production (lymphopoiesis)

- Immunoglobulin production

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LYMPH
LYMPH NODE
NODE (PANORAMIC
(PANORAMIC VIEW)
VIEW)
1. Pericapsular fat and
connective tissue

2. Capsule 10. Arterioles

3. Lymphatic tissue 11. Efferent


lymphatic vessels
4. Capsule and 12. Hilus
afferent lymphatics
5. Cortex 13. Medullary
sinuses
6. Medulla 14. Medullary cords

7. Trabeculae
15. Cortical nodules
(Lymphatic nodules)
8. Blood vessels
in trabeculae 16. Marginal
(subcapsular) sinus
17. Germinal centers
9. Marginal
(subcapsular)
sinus 18. Veins

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SPLEEN
SPLEEN

The largest of the lymphoid organ, the spleen


lies in the upper left quadrant of the
abdominal cavity. It serves as the
immunologic filter of the blood.

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Structure (2) :
1. Splenic pulp :
a. White pulp
- Periarterial lymphatic sheaths (PALS) :
T – dependent region
- Peripheral white pulp (PWP) :
B lymphocytes and secondary lymphoid nodule
b. Red pulp :
- Red pulp cords (Billroth’s)
- Splenic sinusoid
- Endothelial cells (elongated on the sinusoids long
axis)
c. The marginal zone :
- Border between the white and red pulp
- Marginal sinuses
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2. Splenic circulation :
a. Arterial supply :
Abdominal aorta Splenic artery
Trabecular artery Central arteries
Penicilliar arteriole Capillaries and sheeted
arterioles sinuses of
red pulp
b. Open and closed theories of splenic circulation
c. Venous drainage
Sinusoid red pulp veins Trabecular vein
Splenic vein inferior mesenteric vein
Hepatic portal vein liver

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Functions :
1. Production of blood cells

2. Destruction of erythrocytes

3. Defense of the organism : filter for the blood

4. Storage of blood

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SPLEEN
SPLEEN
1. Peritoneum
and capsule
7. Germinal center

2. Splenic nodules 8. Tangential


(white pulp) section of a
splenic nodule

9. Central arteries
(t.s) in splenic
nodules
3. Trabeculae 10. Venous
sinuses in the
4. Trabecular red pulp
artery 11. Trabecular
veins
5. Splenic cords
in the red pulp
12. Trabeculae (t.s)
13. Sheathed artery
14. Pulp arteries
6. Central artery (arterioles)
(l.s)

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Periarterial lymphatic
sheath (T cells)
Trabecula
Marginal zone Close
sinuses circulation
Peniciliar arteriole
Sinusoid
Peripheral white S
pulp (B cells)
S
Central artery
Trabecular veins
Sheath
Pulp vein
Trabecular artery S
Marginal zone S
sinuses Open
circulation

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Sinusoid (open
circulation)

Splenic cord

Sinusoid (closed
circulation)

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TONSILS
TONSILS

This incompletely encapsulated lymphoid


aggregates contain many lymphoid
nodules, they underlie the mucous
membranes (epithelial lining) of mouth and
pharynx.

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PALATINE
PALATINE TONSIL
TONSIL

1. Stratified squamous
epithelium
2. Lymphatic nodules 7. Germinal center

8. Merging nodules
3. Tonsillar crypts
9. Internodular
septum (trabecula)
4. Epithelium of crypt
(tg.s)
10. Fundi of crypts
5. Internodular
septum (trabecula)
11. Blood vessel in
the capsule
6. Skeletal muscle 12. Skeletal muscle
fibers
fibers

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Crypt

Epithelium
Skeletal
muscle

Salivary gland

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Table
Table :: Comparison
Comparison of
of the
the Tonsil
Tonsil

Palatine Tonsils Pharyngeal Tonsil Lingual Tonsils


Location Lateral walls of the Back of the At the back of the
oral pharynx, below nasopharynx in the tongue (floor of the
the level of the soft midline, above the level pharynx)
palate of the soft palate
Number per individual 2 Small and numerous
1

Number of crypts per tonsil 10 – 20 Surface pleated, but no One crypt per tonsil
crypts

Epithelial covering Nonkeratinized Ciliated pseudostratified Lightly keratinized


columnar epithelium stratified squamous
stratified squamous
epithelium

Capsule Thick partial capsule Thin partial connective No definitive


of dense connective tissue capsule capsule
tissue

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Table
Table :: Distinguishing
Distinguishing structural
structural features
features of
of the
the
lymphoid
lymphoid organs
organs

Key Features Thymus Lymph Nodes Spleen Tonsils


Cortex and Medulla Yes Yes No No

Lymphoid nodules No Yes Yes Yes

Cords and sinuses No Yes Yes No

Unique structure Hassall’s Cortical Central Epithelial


corpuscles nodules, arteries covering
subcapsular
sinus

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Distribution
Distribution of
of BB and
and TT cells
cells in
in lymph
lymph nodes
nodes and
and
spleen
spleen S,
S, sinusoid
sinusoid

Lymph node
Outer cortex
(mainly B cells)
Inner cortex
(mainly T cells)
Medullary cord
(mainly B cells)

Spleen White pulp


Peripheral white pulp
(mainly B cells)
Artery

Trabecula
Peripheral lymphatic
sheath (mainly B cells)
Red pulp

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II. BLOOD VESSELS

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BLOOD
BLOOD VESSELS
VESSELS
Classified according to type and size

A. BLOOD CAPILLARIES
  7 – 9 m
• Single layer endothelial cells with bulging nuclei
• Basal lamina
• Pericytes / mesenchymall cell
• At the junction of a capillary, there is a ring of
smooth muscle (precapillary sphincter)

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TYPES OF CAPILLARIES
a. Continuous capillaries
• Smooth nonporous
• Junctional complexes
• Muscles, the brain and peripheral nerves
b. Fenestrated capillaries
• Fenestrae : +
• Two types : - unobstructed pores
- Pores + thin diaphragma
• Kidneys, intestines, endocrine glands

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c. Sinusoidal capillaries (discontinuous)
• Wide lumens
• Follow a tortuous path
• Gaps between endothelial cells
• Fenestration ++
• Phagocytic cells
• Discontinuous basal lamina
• Liver, spleen, bone marrow

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1

Continuous
2a b

3 Fenestrated

Discontinuous
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III. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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A. Components and Basic Functions
of Respiratory System

There is 3 major part :


1. Ventilating mechanism :
Includes :
Diaphragm
Rib cage
Intercostal muscle
Abdominal muscles
Elastic connective tissue in the lungs
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2. Conducting portion :
It includes :
Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
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3. Respiratory portion

It includes :
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Atria
Alveolar sac

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The main divisions of
the respiratory tract.
The natural proportions
of these structures
have been altered for
clarity; the respiratory
bronchiole, for example
is in reality a short
transitional structure

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B. Wall Structure

1. Respiratory epithelium

a. General features :
Ciliated pseudo stratified columnar
Goblet cells
b. Epithelial cell types :
Ciliated columnar cells
Mucous goblet
Brush cells
Basal cells
Small granule cells
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2. Lamina propria
Loose connective tissue

Mucous glands ( upper tract )

3. Smooth muscle

Trachea
In the bronchi : smooth muscle cells encircle the walls
The muscle layer gradually decrease until it disappears
at the level of the alveolar ducts

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Distinguishing features of respiratory tract components

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Nasal Cavity

The nasal cavity consists of 2 structures :

1. The external vestibule

2. The internal nasal fossae

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Paranasal Sinuses

The paranasal sinuses are blind


cavities in :

Frontal

Maxillary

Ethmoid

Sphenoid bones

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Nasopharynx
The upper part of the pharynx

Larynx

Epiglottis

Laryngeal Cartilages

Vocal apparatus
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Trachea

Respiratory epithelium

Lamina propria : mixed seromucous glands

Presence of 16 - 20 C-shape cartilage rings

Smooth muscle bundles : trachealis muscle

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TRACHEA

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TRACHEA
(SECTIONAL VIEW)

5. Epithelium :
pseudostratified
1. Perichondrium ciliated columnar
6. Basement
membrane
2. Cartilage : 7. Elastic fibers
matrix (elastic
membrane)
8. Duct of a tracheal
3. Flattened gland (t.s)
chondrocytes
9. Mucous alveolus
with a serous
4. Cartilage : demilune
territorial 10. Goblet cell
matrix

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