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Hematoimmunology System
(Lymphoid System, Capillary
And Upper Respiratory Tract)
HISTOLOGY DEPARTMENT
MEDICAL FACULTY
UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN
1
I.
I. LYMPHOID
LYMPHOID SYSTEM
SYSTEM
3
Classification of lymphoid organs :
1. Central lymphoid organs (thymus, bone marrow/bursa
of fabricius)
2. Peripheral lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen,
tonsils)
Immunity reaction :
1. Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity : T lymphocyt
2. Humoral immunity : IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE and IgD
(antibodies)
4
Distribution
Distribution of
of lymphoid
lymphoid tissue
tissue in
in the
the body
body
Tonsils
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic
vessels
Thymus
Spleen
Payer’s
patches of
the ileum
Lymph nodes
Bone marrow
5
Bone marrow
Stem cell
produces cells
that ….
Migrate to the Remain in the
Migrating to non-
Producing thymic lymphoid
tissue. producing
Interleukins
T lymphocytes B lymphocytes
When activated
by antigens,
produce
Immunoblasts Immunoblasts
Generating Generating
Blood,
lymph
Suppressor T Killer T and B memory
Helper lymphocytes 6
cells Plasma cells
THYMUS
THYMUS
The thymus is a central lymphoid organ
situated in the mediastinum at about the level
of great vessels of the heart.
Structure :
Lobe
Lobules (2) :
1. Cortex : small lymphocyte, epithelial reticular cell
and blood-thymus barrier.
2. Medulla : - Hassall’s corpuscles
- Extend into the core of each of the
lobules 7
THYMUS
THYMUS
1. Capsule
6. Secondary (incomplete)
trabeculae
2. Interlobular trabeculae 7. Medulla continuous
5. Lobule
11. Interlobular trabeculae
Desmosome
Lymphocytes
Desmosome
9
Histogenesis and involution :
• Third pharyngeal pouches (endodermal)
Functions :
1. T-lymphocyte production
2. Hormone production : thymopoietin, thymosin
3. Blood-thymus barrier
10
LYMPH
LYMPH NODES
NODES
Lymph nodes are encapsulated spherical
or kidney-shaped organ composed of
lymphoid tissue.
2. Medulla :
Lighter staining than cortex.
Composed of cords of lymphoid tissue (medullary cord)
separated by medullary sinuses.
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3. Paracortical zone :
This is the T-dependent region, lying between the
cortical lymphoid nodules and the medulla.
Characteristized by the presence of many high-
endothelial post capillary venules.
4. Lymphatic Vessels :
- Afferent lymphatic vessels
- Efferent lymphatic vessels
Afferent vessels subcapsular sinus peritrabecular
Sinuses medullary sinuses efferent vessels
exiting through the hilum
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Function :
- Filtration of lymph
- Immunoglobulin production
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LYMPH
LYMPH NODE
NODE (PANORAMIC
(PANORAMIC VIEW)
VIEW)
1. Pericapsular fat and
connective tissue
7. Trabeculae
15. Cortical nodules
(Lymphatic nodules)
8. Blood vessels
in trabeculae 16. Marginal
(subcapsular) sinus
17. Germinal centers
9. Marginal
(subcapsular)
sinus 18. Veins
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SPLEEN
SPLEEN
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Structure (2) :
1. Splenic pulp :
a. White pulp
- Periarterial lymphatic sheaths (PALS) :
T – dependent region
- Peripheral white pulp (PWP) :
B lymphocytes and secondary lymphoid nodule
b. Red pulp :
- Red pulp cords (Billroth’s)
- Splenic sinusoid
- Endothelial cells (elongated on the sinusoids long
axis)
c. The marginal zone :
- Border between the white and red pulp
- Marginal sinuses
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2. Splenic circulation :
a. Arterial supply :
Abdominal aorta Splenic artery
Trabecular artery Central arteries
Penicilliar arteriole Capillaries and sheeted
arterioles sinuses of
red pulp
b. Open and closed theories of splenic circulation
c. Venous drainage
Sinusoid red pulp veins Trabecular vein
Splenic vein inferior mesenteric vein
Hepatic portal vein liver
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Functions :
1. Production of blood cells
2. Destruction of erythrocytes
4. Storage of blood
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SPLEEN
SPLEEN
1. Peritoneum
and capsule
7. Germinal center
9. Central arteries
(t.s) in splenic
nodules
3. Trabeculae 10. Venous
sinuses in the
4. Trabecular red pulp
artery 11. Trabecular
veins
5. Splenic cords
in the red pulp
12. Trabeculae (t.s)
13. Sheathed artery
14. Pulp arteries
6. Central artery (arterioles)
(l.s)
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Periarterial lymphatic
sheath (T cells)
Trabecula
Marginal zone Close
sinuses circulation
Peniciliar arteriole
Sinusoid
Peripheral white S
pulp (B cells)
S
Central artery
Trabecular veins
Sheath
Pulp vein
Trabecular artery S
Marginal zone S
sinuses Open
circulation
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Sinusoid (open
circulation)
Splenic cord
Sinusoid (closed
circulation)
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TONSILS
TONSILS
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PALATINE
PALATINE TONSIL
TONSIL
1. Stratified squamous
epithelium
2. Lymphatic nodules 7. Germinal center
8. Merging nodules
3. Tonsillar crypts
9. Internodular
septum (trabecula)
4. Epithelium of crypt
(tg.s)
10. Fundi of crypts
5. Internodular
septum (trabecula)
11. Blood vessel in
the capsule
6. Skeletal muscle 12. Skeletal muscle
fibers
fibers
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Crypt
Epithelium
Skeletal
muscle
Salivary gland
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Table
Table :: Comparison
Comparison of
of the
the Tonsil
Tonsil
Number of crypts per tonsil 10 – 20 Surface pleated, but no One crypt per tonsil
crypts
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Table
Table :: Distinguishing
Distinguishing structural
structural features
features of
of the
the
lymphoid
lymphoid organs
organs
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Distribution
Distribution of
of BB and
and TT cells
cells in
in lymph
lymph nodes
nodes and
and
spleen
spleen S,
S, sinusoid
sinusoid
Lymph node
Outer cortex
(mainly B cells)
Inner cortex
(mainly T cells)
Medullary cord
(mainly B cells)
Trabecula
Peripheral lymphatic
sheath (mainly B cells)
Red pulp
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II. BLOOD VESSELS
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BLOOD
BLOOD VESSELS
VESSELS
Classified according to type and size
A. BLOOD CAPILLARIES
7 – 9 m
• Single layer endothelial cells with bulging nuclei
• Basal lamina
• Pericytes / mesenchymall cell
• At the junction of a capillary, there is a ring of
smooth muscle (precapillary sphincter)
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TYPES OF CAPILLARIES
a. Continuous capillaries
• Smooth nonporous
• Junctional complexes
• Muscles, the brain and peripheral nerves
b. Fenestrated capillaries
• Fenestrae : +
• Two types : - unobstructed pores
- Pores + thin diaphragma
• Kidneys, intestines, endocrine glands
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c. Sinusoidal capillaries (discontinuous)
• Wide lumens
• Follow a tortuous path
• Gaps between endothelial cells
• Fenestration ++
• Phagocytic cells
• Discontinuous basal lamina
• Liver, spleen, bone marrow
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1
Continuous
2a b
3 Fenestrated
Discontinuous
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III. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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A. Components and Basic Functions
of Respiratory System
It includes :
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Atria
Alveolar sac
37
The main divisions of
the respiratory tract.
The natural proportions
of these structures
have been altered for
clarity; the respiratory
bronchiole, for example
is in reality a short
transitional structure
38
B. Wall Structure
1. Respiratory epithelium
a. General features :
Ciliated pseudo stratified columnar
Goblet cells
b. Epithelial cell types :
Ciliated columnar cells
Mucous goblet
Brush cells
Basal cells
Small granule cells
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2. Lamina propria
Loose connective tissue
3. Smooth muscle
Trachea
In the bronchi : smooth muscle cells encircle the walls
The muscle layer gradually decrease until it disappears
at the level of the alveolar ducts
40
Distinguishing features of respiratory tract components
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Nasal Cavity
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Paranasal Sinuses
Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoid
Sphenoid bones
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Nasopharynx
The upper part of the pharynx
Larynx
Epiglottis
Laryngeal Cartilages
Vocal apparatus
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Trachea
Respiratory epithelium
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TRACHEA
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TRACHEA
(SECTIONAL VIEW)
5. Epithelium :
pseudostratified
1. Perichondrium ciliated columnar
6. Basement
membrane
2. Cartilage : 7. Elastic fibers
matrix (elastic
membrane)
8. Duct of a tracheal
3. Flattened gland (t.s)
chondrocytes
9. Mucous alveolus
with a serous
4. Cartilage : demilune
territorial 10. Goblet cell
matrix
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