CH 241: Particle Technology

INTRODUCTION
Particle technology [PT ]
A science and technology related to handling, processing and dynamics
of particles for size reduction / enlargement & powders formation.

• The production of particulate materials i.e. controlled by the properties

of materials (abrasiveness, brittleness and material structure, size,
shape, flow), subsequent utilization and applications,
• Particle technology [PT ] is a key technology widely applied in chemical
and process, food, cement, pharmaceutical, minerals & metal industries
• Handling of particles in gas and liquid solutions is an other important
aspect of PT,
 Areas of Interest for Chemical Engineers

i. Particle Formation (Size Reduction / enlargement) cutting,

pulverizing, grinding, crushing, mincing, milling, and dicing
{sizes range from nanometres to centimetres}
ii. Particle characterization (Size Analysis)
iii. Material processing (Granulation, Mixing, Sedimentation,
Fluidization)
iv. Storage &Transportation (Hopper Design, Conveying, Slurry
formation)
v. Particles screening, Separation (Filtration, Settling,
Cyclones)
vi. Safety and occupational health (Fire / Explosiveness, Health
Hazards)
vii. Engineering characteristics of Particulate matter (Colloids,
precipitations, aerosols & Rheology behaviors)
Reasons for sizing of materials (Size reduction / enlargement )

i) Size reduction is accomplished ,

• To improve solubility, mixibilty, reactivity, catalytic performance, flow-ability of
materials and concentration uniformity and process performance,
• To accelerate heat & mass transfer processes , coal pulverization & combustion,
• To facilitate manufacturing process (Separation, filtration, blending & segregation)
• To meet specific requirements, and quality attainment

ii) Size enlargement is a common operation used in chemical, fertilizer,

pharmaceutical & cement manufacturing, mineral and food processing,
 Particle enlargement improves the properties of the matter.
 Common operations for size enlargement like granulation / agglomeration are
used in mineral processing, ores pelletization, tablet formation in
pharmaceutical and food industries.
 Chemical engineers deals with size enlargement processes and equipment,
including principal design, estimation of external force for size enlargement
and other related parameters,
 Role of Engineers in Particle Technology

 A process engineer Select a correct, economical and efficient

equipment for size reduction, handling and storage of particulate
materials.
 Develop expertise in silo/hopper design, powder mechanics,
conveying (manual, mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic), slurry
transport and drying

Engineers have to Innovate new methodologies in Particle

Technology for a significant economic impact, efficiency
enhancement etc.
8 AM TO 5 PM
Text Book

 UNIT OPERATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, 7th Edition,

McCabe, Smith, Harriott
 Reference Book
 “CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(Particle Technology and
Separation Processes)
Volume 2 Fifth Edition by J.F.
Coulson, J.H. Harker & J.R.
Backhurst & Richardson.
 “Introduction to Particle
Technology”, 2nd Edition
 Author: Martin Rhodes
chemical engineering, PhD,
 Major Aspects of Particle Technology
• Most commonly solids (particles) are used in chemical industries to
manufacture various products,
• Therefore the knowledge of their properties, flow charactertics (handling,
storage, transportation, separation and processing) is important from chemical
engineering point of view.
• Theories of particulate mechanics (dynamics / static / Kinetics) are
applied depending upon the variety of particulates (nature of materials,
properties and behaviour under wet/dry conditions)
• The evaluation of the pressure drop during processing and characterization of
the solid particles is related to the bed height, velocity, the packing diameter, density,
the sphericity as well as the porosity.
Particle Technology and Engineering provides the basic knowledge and
fundamental concepts that are needed by engineers dealing with;

i. Mechanics of discrete, tiny but visible materials (usually solid),

ii. Particle interaction/ performance and characterization (in
isolation, collective or in bulk)
iii. Parametric relationships between particle and the collective
interface during agitation, mixing, sedimentation and filtration.
iv. Equipment/ processes/ system design and particulate analysis is
based on mechanical properties of the particles .
v. Products manufacturing depend on the synthesis processes and also
on the other properties of the materials .
  FLOCCULATION occurs due to
Summary of previous lecture: chemical reaction between clay
particles & usually salted water.
• Measureable Benefits Of Particle Technology
 Suspended particles of clay
• Industrial importance of Particle Technology
aggregate convert like a clot
• Unit operation and chemical reaction;
or precipitate to form a cake or
• The particle mechanics, material handling, silos,
deposition occurs like lumps.
transporting, powder technology & nanotechnology;
• Size reduction equipments e.g. crushing, grinding,
coarse, moderately fine, fine, very fine, powder and Nano-particles

• Particle size growth by flocculation, granulation, precipitation, powder

compaction, tableting, crystallization.

• Size analysis & separation i.e. sieving, tableting, flotation,

magnetic/electrostatic/ centrifugal separation,
fluidization, precipitation, solid-liquid filtration;

• Analytical procedures for particle characterization.

Chapter # 28 CHARACTERIZATION Characterizing :describing the
individual quality of a
OF PARTICULATE SOLID PROPERTIES material or anything.
Major/ Minor/ Direct or indirect

CHARACTERIZATION on Primary & Secondary Bases

a.) Primary factors. nature of material, size, shape, density of particle
flow behaviour & surface finish.
PRECISE DESCRIPTION
• Nature of material ( soft, tough, elastic, ductile, brittle materials)
• Regular particles, e.g. spheres, cubes, needles, crystals etc.
• Irregular particles e.g. uneven, unequal, asymmetric exp. Grains or
mica flakes, etc.
• Flow Characteristics e.g. free flowing, stickiness , frictional behaviour,
• Surface Characteristics e.g. rough, adsorptive , charged surfaces,
 Cont.……
b.) Secondary factors such as
molecular weight, structure and crystallography, surface
hydrophobicity, mechanical characters, electrostatic and
cohesiveness ( ability to retain a given shape) etc.
Crystallography - inner structures of crystals to determine the
arrangement of atoms and generate knowledge that is used by
chemists, physicists, biologists, and engineers.
• Particles of homogeneous solids have the same density
as individual material or in bulk form.
• Particles of non-homogeneous solids
 What is a Particle?
 A Particle is a sub-microscopic, localized matter to ascribe several physical,
chemical, mechanical & other properties e.g. shape, size, volume or mass,
affinity or cohesiveness etc.
 Particles may be different forms granular, crushed, powdered, subatomic,
microscopic, nanomaterial.
 Oldest profession applied to convert grains to flour, minerals
processes to process stones and ores to refine metals, ceramics and
glass manufacturing and many Industrial applications.

 A miniature part of matter,(human hair 1:70 part of a micron and a bacteria is

approximately equal to 0.2 micron)
 A very small speck( iota) of solid matter,
 Unit of matter of indeterminate dimensions and volume.
 BEHAVIOR OF PARTICULATE MATERIALS
 Manufacturing and operative perspectives highly influced by:
 Chemical Composition of particulate materials
 Physical Properties of Constituents. •tensile strength.
 The most important parameters are; •compressive
Surface Properties strength.
Particle Size Mechanical
•hardness.
•toughness.
Particle Shape Properties •elasticity.
•plasticity.
Charge Properties
 Hygroscopic behavior •ductility.
•malleability
Microstructure

Tendency to absorb
moisture from the air
The Impact of Particle Technology
 Knowledge of the processing and handling of particles or
powders production on the bases of material properties.
 Knowledge of particulate solid is necessary :
i. to Identify equipment and other system aspects of the unit
operations;
ii. to design processes and equipments to deal streams of
such solids.
 Characterization and particulate systems data helps in
optimizing the entire engineering applications of particle
technology in chemical industries,
Particle Technology

 Particle technology based on particle/powder sciences, is a

common unit operation (physical) applied in chemical and
process industries e.g. Cement, Ceramics, Fertilizer, Sugar, oil
refinery etc.
(Catalyst size in cracking reactor influence the production
of gasoline from oil.)
 Appropriate understanding of particle technology may;
i. enhance productivity and product quality,
ii. reduce health hazards & provide safe working environment,
iii. control dust explosion and leakages,
iv. improve shelf life & maintain quality of materials in storage silos.
Why? Where?

Chemical engineer apply the knowledge of particle technology for various

industrial operations e.g.
 Crushing to powdering technology (deform, pulverize by compressing forcefully)
 Economics of Drying processes(removal of water or any other solvent by evaporation from
a solid, semi-solid or liquid)
 Effective Filtering technology ( A porous media through which a liquid or
a gas is passed to separate the fluid from suspended particulate matter ).
 Crystallization procedure (A solid-liquid separation technique to purify solid by transferring
solvent from the solution to produce a solid crystalline phase.)
 Solid fluid action, interaction and reaction
 Dust collecting systems (Cyclone dust collectors, Industrial Dust Collector
 Pulse Dust Collectors, Dust Collecting Equipment).
 Negligence of particle science has caused major challenges to society, especially in
environment pollution, global warming and climate change etc.
 The current potentials of particles in the areas of nanotechnology, give numerous advantages in
the competitiveness and growth in several fields of industrial applications to produce new chemicals with
specified properties.
Importance…???
Reactivity Solubility dependence
dependence
on Particle Size
on Particle Size
Particle Shape & Size
Particle Shape (Regular or irregular)
1-) Regular shape particles can be described precisely
by its shape and dimension.

2-) Irregular shape particle, can not be described

conveniently due to irregularity of the particle shape &
dimension.
Dp = equivalent/nominal diameter
Vp = volume of one particle
Sp = surface area of particle
 Sphere
 A sphere is a perfectly round
geometrical object in three
dimensional space that is the
surface on a completely round
ball.
 For a perfectly spherical diameter, the value for Sphericity equals to 1.
 In case of Irregular shape particles, nominal value of equivalent diameter is taken.
 Nominal Size:
 Size used for the general identification of the actual size of the particle.
 Nominal size gives us a domain within which actual size lies with little bit tolerance.
 It will approximately be equal to actual size, but need not to be exactly the same
as particle size.
 E.g: 100 ± 0.05 m rod is available.
 Equivalent Spherical Diameter:
 Diameter of an irregular shape object is the diameter of a sphere of equivalent
volume.

Bulk Properties:
An intensive property is a bulk property, meaning that it is the physical
property of the system that does not depends upon the size or the amount of
material in the system. E.g: temperature, density, hardness of the object etc.
Intensive Properties: Properties that does not depend upon the size or the
amount of material in the system, e.g: temperature, density, hardness of the
object etc.
Extensive Properties: Properties that depend upon the size or the amount of
material in the system, e.g: mass, volume etc.
Particle Size
PARTICLE SIZE
 In general, diameter is specified for equidimensional particles.
 Most of the particles are not equidimensional, therefore they can not be specified
by a single dimension “diameter”.
 Therefore the concept of equivalent sphere has been introduced.
Equivalent spheres in comparison with Particle
dimensions:

 Based upon the measurement techniques, the particles are related to equivalent sphere
diameters by,
 a. The sphere of the same volume of the particle.
 b. The sphere of the same surface area as the particle.
 c. The sphere of the same surface area per unit volume.
 d. The sphere of the same area when projected on a plane normal to the direction of
motion.
 e. The sphere of the same projected area as viewed from above when lying in a position
of maximum stability (as with a microscope).
 f. The sphere which will just pass through the same size of square aperture as the particle
(as on a screen).
 g. The sphere with the same settling velocity as the particle in a specified fluid.
Mixed Particles and SIZE ANALYSIS
 If we have a sample of uniform particles of diameter = Dp,
 The total volume of the particles will be = m/ρp, (representing mass
and density of the particles),
 Since the volume of one particle = Vp,
 Total volume ‘V’ of N particles = V = Vp.N
 The total number of particles in sample = N = m/ ρpVp
 Total surface area of the particles is given by,
Mixed particle size and size analysis

 Both these equations are applied to mixtures having various sizes and densities.
 The mixture is sorted into fractions, each of constant density and approximately
constant size.
 Each fraction is then weighed, or the individual particle can be counted or
measured by number of methods.
 Information from such a particle size analysis is tabulated to show the mass or
number fractions in each size increment as a function of average particle size in
the increment.
 An analysis tabulated in this way is called a differential analysis.
 The results are often presented in histogram as shown in the figure.
Description of populations of particles
 Particle population is described in terms of Particle size distributions.
 Cumulative Size Distribution.
 Frequency Size Distribution.
 Specific surface area of mixture
 If the particle density ρp and Sphericity Φs are known, the surface area
of particles in each fraction can be calculated and added to give the
specific surface, Aw (The total surface area of the unit mass of
particles):

 For deriving this equation, it has been assumed that Sphericity and density of the
mixture is constant.
 Where xi = mass fraction in a given increment,
Dpi = average diameter (taken as arithmetic average of the smallest and largest
particle diameters in increment).
Average particle size
 The average particle size for a mixture of particles is defined
in several different ways.
 Volume surface mean diameter Ds:

If number of particle Ni in each fraction is known,

instead of mass fraction xi, then:
 Arithmetic mean diameter:
NT = number of particles
in the entire sample

 Mass mean diameter:

 Volume mean diameter:

 Total volume of the sample
 Divided by number of particles

 For sample consisting of uniform particles these average diameters are, of

course, all the same. For mixture containing particle of various sizes, however,
the several average diameters may differ widely from one another.
Number of particles in mixture
 The volume of any particle is proportional to its "diameter" cubed.


a = volume shape factor
 For sphere the value of a is 0.5236 and for short cylinder it is 0.785.
Assuming that a is independent of size, then:
Screen analysis
•Testing sieves are made of
woven wire screens.
•Openings are square.
•Screens are identified by Mesh
No.
•Mesh No. is the numbers of
opening per linear inch.

•Area of opening in any screen

= 2 x Area of opening in next
smaller screen.
•Mesh dimension of any screen
= 1.41 x Mesh dimension of next
smaller screen.
Sieving
Sieving
 Screens or sieve analysis is used to measure the size (and size
distribution) of particles in size range of 0.0015 and 3 inch.
 Woven wire screens, Silk, Plastic cloth, perforated or punched plate.
 Openings are in the form of squares.
 Each screen is identified in meshes per inch.
 A stack of screens is arranged with the smallest mesh at the bottom
and the largest one at the top.
 Vibratory motion is produced to cause better separation of
particles.
 Particles retained on each screen are then removed and weighed
to draw the Cumulative and Frequency distribution curves.
 Sieving
 The results of screen analysis are tabulated to show the mass fraction of each screen
increment as a function of the mesh size range of the increment.
 The notation 14/20 means “through 14 mesh and on 20 mesh”.
 Typical screen analysis is given in next slide.
 First column: mesh size,
 second column: width of opening of screen,
 third column: mass fraction of total sample that is retained on that screen xi (where i is the
number starting from the bottom of the stack),
 fourth column: averaged particle size Dpi (since the particle on any screen are passed
immediately by the screen ahead of it, the averaged of these two screen are needed to
specify the averaged size in that increment).
 Fifth column: cumulative fraction smaller than Dpi.
Description of populations of particles
 Particle population is described in terms of Particle size distributions.
 Cumulative Size Distribution.
 Frequency Size Distribution.
Mass quantities of sample of
particles
Different distributions
Example 28.1
 The screen analysis shown in the table applies to a sample of
crushed quartz.
 The density of the particles is 2,650 kg/m3 (0.00265 g/mm3).
 The shape factor are a = 0.8 and φs = 0.571.
 For the material between 4-mesh and 200-mesh in particle size,
calculate
 Aw in square millimetres per gram and Nw in particles per gram.
 DV, Ds, Dw and Ni for the 150/200 mesh increment.
 What fraction the total number of particles is in the 150/200-mesh
increment?
 PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS
 Some common diameters used in microscope analysis are statistical
diameters, including:
 Martin’s Diameter: Length of line that bisects the particle.
 Feret’s Diameter: Distance between two tangents on two opposite sides
of the particles.
 Shear Diameter: Particle diameter obtained using an image shearing
device.
Sauter Diameter
 It is defined as, “the diameter of the sphere that has the same volume-surface area
ratio as the particle of interest”.
 It is normally represented by D[3,2].

𝒅𝑺𝑻 = 1൘ µ3,𝒊
σ𝑵
𝒊=1 𝒅
𝒎,𝒊
 Properties of masses of particles
 Masses of solid particles, especially when the particles are dry and
not sticky, have many of the properties of a fluid.
 They exert pressure on the sides and walls of a container, they flow
through openings or down a chute.
 They differ from liquids and gases in several ways.
 However because the particles interlock under pressure and
cannot slide over one another until the applied force reaches and
appreciable magnitude.
Interlocking
Properties of masses of particles

 Unlike most fluids, granular solids and

solid masses permanently resist distortion
when subjected to a moderate distorting
force.
 When the force is large enough, failure
occurs and one layer of particles slides
over another, but between the layers on
each side of the failure there is
appreciable friction.
 Properties of masses of particles
 Solid masses have the following distinctive properties
 The pressure is not the same in all directions. In general, a
pressure applied in one direction creates some pressure in
other directions.(unlike hydraulic pressure in fluids).
 But it is always smaller then the applied pressure.
 Itis minimum in the direction at right angles to the applied
pressure.
Properties of masses of particles

 In a homogenous mass the ratio of the normal

pressure to the applied pressure, pL/pV, is a
constant K’, which is the characteristic of a
material.
 It depends upon the shape and interlocking
tendencies of the particles, on the stickiness of the
grain surfaces, and on how tightly the material is
packed.
 It is nearly independent of particle size until the
grains become very small and the material is no
longer free flowing.
Properties of masses of particles
A shear stress (stress parallel to the surface of the
material) applied at the surface of a mass is
transmitted throughout a static mass of particles
unless failure occurs.
 Thedensity of the mass may vary, depending on the
degree of packing of the grains.
 The density of a fluid is a unique function of
temperature and pressure, as is that of individual
solid particle, but the bulk density of the mass is not.
Properties of masses of particles

 The bulk density is a minimum when the

mass is loose. It rises to a maximum
when the mass is packed by vibrating or
tamping.
 Before a mass of tightly packed
particles can flow, it must increase in
volume to permit interlocking grains to
move past one another.
 Without such dilation flow is not possible.
 Properties of masses of particles
When granular solids are piled up to a flat
surface, the sides of a the pile are at a
definite reproducible angle with the
horizontal.
This angle αr, is called the angle of repose
of the material.
For free flowing granular solids αr is often
between 15O and 30O.
Properties of Masses of Particles
 Properties of masses of particles
Depending on their flow properties,
particulate solids are divided into two
classes, cohesive and non cohesive.
Non cohesive materials such as grain, dry
sand and plastic chips flow freely out of a
storage bin or silo.
 Properties of masses of particles
For these solids K’ (normal pressure/applied
pressure) is often between 0.35 and 0.6.
Cohesive solids, such as wet clay, are
characterized by their reluctance to flow
through openings.
For them, the value of K’ approaches to
zero.
COHESIVE VS NON-COHESIVE SOLIDS:
Storage and
Conveying
of Solids
Storage and conveying of solids
(bulk storage)
 Coarse solids such as gravel and coal are stored
in large piles, unprotected from the weather.
 When hundred or thousands of tons of material
are involved, this is the most economical
method.
 The solids are removed from the pile by dragline
or tractor shovel and delivered to a conveyor or
to the process.
Storage and conveying of solids
(bulk storage)
 Outdoor storage can lead to environmental
problems such as dusting or leaching of soluble
material from the pile. (Leaching of sugar from
sugar beat with hot water).
 Dusting may provide a protective cover of some
kind for the stored solid. Leaching can be
controlled by covering the pile or by locating it in a
shallow basin(little depth) with an impervious floor
(an artificial structure) from which the runoff may
be safely drawn.
Storage and conveying of solids
(bin storage)
 Solids that are too valuable or too soluble
to expose in outdoor piles are stored in
bin, hoppers, or silos.
 These are cylindrical or rectangular vessels
of concrete or metal.
A silo is tall and relatively small in diameter.
A bin is not so small and usually fairly wide.
Storage and conveying of solids
(bin storage)
A hopper is a small vessel with a slopping
bottom, it is used for temporary storage
before feeding solids to a process.
 All these containers are loaded from top
to by some kind of elevator, discharging is
ordinarily done from the bottom.
 A major problem in bin design is to provide
satisfactory discharge.
Pressure in bins and silos
 When granular solids are placed in a bin
or silo, the lateral pressure exerted on the
walls at any point is less then predicted
from the head of material above that
point.
 Furthermore there usually is friction
between the wall and solid grains, and
because of the interlocking of the
particles, the effect of this friction is felt
throughout the mass.
Pressure in bins and silos
 The friction force at the wall reduces the pressure
exerted by the mass on the floor of the container.
 The vertical pressure on the floor vessel or the packing
support is much smaller than that exerted by the column
of liquid of the same density and weight.
 The actual pressure from the solids depends on the
 value of K’ for the solids,
 the coefficient of friction between the solids and the
vessel wall,
 and the way the solids are placed in the vessel.
 Pressure in bins and silos
 In general when the height of the solid column is greater than
about the 3 times diameter of the container, additional solids
have no effect on the pressure at the base.
 The total mass off course increases if more solids are added, but
the additional mass is carried by the walls and foundation, not
by the floor of the vessel.
 In granular solids a higher pressure does not always increase the
tendency of the material to flow, as it does in liquid, instead,
increased pressure packs the grains more tightly together and
makes flow more difficult.
 Pressure in bins and silos
 In extreme cases the combination of
gravitational and friction forces at some
point in the container causes the solids
to arch or bridge, so that they do not fall
even the material below them is
removed.
 Nearly all large bins contains an arch
breaker, an upward pointing shallow
metal cone set near the bottom to keep
the solids at the discharge opening from
becoming tightly packed.
 Granular solids , especially with angular
particles, must be loose in order to flow.
Flow out of bins
 Solids tend to flow out of any opening near the bottom
of bin but are best discharged through an opening in
the floor.
 Flow through a side opening tends to be uncertain and
increases the lateral pressure on the other side of the bin
while the solids are flowing.
 A bottom outlet is less likely to clog and does not induce
abnormally high pressures on the wall at any point.
 When the outlet at the bottom of a bin containing free
flowing solids is opened, the material immediately above
the opening begins to flow.
Flow out of bins

 One of two flow patters will develop depending

upon the steepness of the wall in the bottom
section of the bin and on the coefficient of friction
between the solids and the bin walls.
 Mass flow occurs in cone bottomed bins with a
tall, steep cone, all the material moves downward
uniformly from the top of the bin.
 Tunnel flow develops in bins with a shallow cone
angle or with vertical walls and a central opening
in the floor.
Flow out of bins
 Here a vertical column of solids above the
opening moves downward without
disturbing the material at the sides.
 Eventually lateral flow begins, from the top
most layer of solids.
 A conical depression in formed in the
surface of the mass.
Flow out of bins
 The solids at the bin floor, at or near the walls, are the last to
leave.
 The material slides laterally into the central column at an
angle approximating the angle of the internal friction of the
solids.
 If additional material is added at the top of the bin at the
same rate as material is flowing out the bottom, the solids
near the bin walls remain stagnant and do not discharge, no
matter how long flow persists.
 Flow out of bins
 The rate of flow of granular solids by gravity through a
circular opening in the bottom of a bin depends on the
diameter of the opening and on the properties of the
solid.
 Within
wide limits it does not depend on the height of
the bed of solids.
 Withfree flowing particles the rate of solids flow m varies
approximately with Do3, where Do is the dimeter of the
discharge opening.
 Flow out of bins
 With cohesive solids it is often hard to start flow.
Once flow does start, however, it again begins
in the material directly above the discharge
opening.
 Frequently the column of solids above the outlet
moves out as a plug, leaving a rat hole with
nearly vertical slides.
Flow out of bins
 Stickysolids and even some dry powders adhere
strongly to vertical surfaces and have enough shear
strength to support a plug of considerable diameter
above an open discharge.
 Thus to get flow started and to keep the material
moving, vibratos on bin walls, internal flows near the
bin floor, or jets of air in the discharge opening are
often needed.
 Flow out of bins

 Thedischarge opening should be small enough to be

readily closed when solids are flowing, yet not so
small that it will clog.
 Itcan then be opened further to clear a partial
choke.
 If
the opening is too large, however, the shutoff valve
may be hard to close and control of the flow will be
poor.
Conveyors
 Common devices for transportation include belt
conveyors and bucket elevators, closed belt
conveyors with zipper like fasteners, and various kinds
of drag and flight conveyors.
 These all include a return leg that carries the empty
belt or chain back from the discharge to the loading
point.
Conveyors
Vibrating conveyors and screw conveyors
have no return leg but only operate over
relatively short distances.
Pneumatic conveyors also have no return
leg and are not so limited as to distance of
travel.
Industrial importance…. Cont.,,
 Size reduction including crushing and grinding;
 Size enlargement; flocculation, granulation, tableting, crystallization
& powder compaction;
 Physical separation of particles, i.e. sieving, flotation, filtration,
sedimentation, magnetic / electrostatic separation ,fluidization
& Centrifugation;
• Analytical processes such as particle size analysis, power
estimation.
• Particulate ”PFD” design & optimization in operation.
Industrial scope e.g. chemical, petrochemical, cement, ceramics,
glass, fertilizer, agricultural, food, pharmaceuticals, mineral
processing, powder metallurgy & civil Engineering etc.