CHAPTER 9

MUSIC
 MUSIC
• MUSIC is combination of different sounds which results in a pleasant
sensation on part of the perceiver.
• The medium of music is SOUND
• SOUND - is produced by vibrating energy of the human vocal cord and by
musical instrument.
• High frequency of vibration by the vocal cord, the result is high pitch.
• Low frequency of vibration by the vocal cord, the result is low pitch.
• On the other hand
• The high intensity of vibration, the music become loud.
• The less intensity of vibration, the result is soft in volume.

Music must have started when people imitated sounds of nature in his attempt to
communicate with the spirits. They mimicked the chirping and bird’s call, howling of the
wolves and lowing of cattle, gurgling of spring, rippling of the brook and cascading
waterfall, pounding of waves of the ocean, streaks of lightning and explosions of thunder.
These sounds of nature served as people’s inspirations.
 ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
• MELODY – is the rising and falling of tune in time. ( ALBERT FAUROT,
1986)
• HARMONY – refers to the pleasant sound produced when two or more
notes are sang or played together.
• RHYTHM – is the regular or irregular pattern of beat in time marked off by
soft and loud beat.
• PITCH – refers to the exact or particular tone of a note given on a musical
scale.
• DYNAMICS – indicates the loudness or softness of sound
• TIMBRE – describes the quality of sound produced by the human
voice or by a musical instrument.
COMPONENT OF MUSIC
1. STAFF – refers to five arranged horizontal lines where other
components of music are placed.
 TWO SETS OF STAFF
UPPER STAFF LOWER STAFF
SOPRANO TENOR
ALTO BASS
• 2. CLEF – Is the symbol found at the left side just at the beginning of the staff.
A. G CLEF – Is like a graceful figure 8. the G clef indicates the female voices.
(soprano and alto)
B. F CLEF OR BASS CLEF – Is found at the left side at the beginning of the
staff. This symbol indicates the male voices. (tenor and bass)
C. C CLEF – Is like big number 3 with a thick vertical line before the figure
number 3.
D. BAR – a vertical line across the staff which divide measures.

• 3. 2/4, 3/4 TIME SIGNATURE – Determines the number of beats within a measure.
• 4. SHARP (#) ( KEY SIGNATURE) – Is made up of two short diagonal
lines and crossed with short vertical lines. The sharp symbol means the note
must be sung half step higher on the scale. Generally song with the sharp
symbol are assigned as major key. These songs or music are happy tunes.
• NATURAL – Returns a note to its original pitch after having been
sharpened or flattered. Naturals also cancel out sharps or flats implied by a
key signature.
• 5. FLAT (b) (SIGNATURE) is represented by a vertical line with half of
heart figure on the right side at the base of the vertical line. Flat symbol
signifies that the note or music must be sang or played half step lower than
the usual tone.
• 6. NOTE – Represent the simplest component of music.
• A. WHOLE NOTE – Is a hollow elliptical or oval shape note. A whole note
receives beats.
• B. HALF NOTE – takes a hollow oval, or a circle with a vertical line beside it.

• C. QUARTER NOTE – is a shaded circle or oval shaped figure with vertical line
beside it.
• D. EIGHT NOTE – Is a shaded circle or oval shaped figure with a vertical line on
the right side and one hook on the upper right part of the vertical line.
• E. SIXTEENTH NOTE – Is like an eight note but with two hooks on the upper
right side of the vertical line.
• 7. DYNAMICS – These are symbols which regulate the volume of sound.
SYMBOL MEANING
-p- PIANO ( SOFT)
- mp - MODERATELY SOFT
- pp- PIANISIMO (SOFTER)
- ppp - PIANISISIMO ( VERY SOFT)

SYMBOL MEANING
-f- FORTE ( LOUD)
- ff - FORTESIMO (LOUDER)
- fff - FORTESISIMO ( VERY LOUD)
< CRESENDO ( INCREASINGLY LOUD)
> DECRESENDO ( FROM LOUD TO BECOMING SOFT)
• 8. BEAT – stands for the regular pulse which moves the music.
• 9. TEMPO – Marks the movement whether to play slow of fast.
• 10. FERMATA – holds the note according to the desire of the conductor.
• 11. LEDGER NOTE – above or below the staff.
• 12. MELISMA – Succeeding notes to be sung in one syllable.
• 13. REPEAT OR GO BACK
• 14. CODA (proceed to finale)
SEGNO – a sign or mark at the beginning or end of a section to be
repeated.
• A. VALSE – walts
• B. ANDANTE – moderately slow
• C. LARGO – long
• D. STACATO – short/abrupt
• E. ALEGRO LIVELY POCO – short
• F. MOLTO – gravely
• G. RETANDANDO - retiring
 DEVELOPMENT OF MUSIC
• Music must have developed around 50,000 years ago. Most likely in Africa
where elements of fundamental of life began. From samavida, india,
imprints on cuneiforms or clay tablets portraying humans were found in
formation. The people seemed to be carrying what looked like be musical
instruments. These clay tablets are dated to be 4000 years old.
• Music in the royal courts in china is known to have existed some 3000 years
ago.
 HISTORY OF MUSIC
• 1. Monody - The history of music (formally written) is traced to the monks in the Middle
Ages (500-800 A.D.), earlier people sang individually just to express their feelings or
emotions. However, group and organized singing was initiated by monks who sang plain
songs or plain chants in the chapels of their monasteries and in the chapels of the kings.
• this type of singing was inspired by the prayers of the priests and the answers of the
congregations.
• Plain song are very solemn and spiritual uplifting.
• These are performed during high mass where songs and homily are in Latin
• Examples: Gregorian Chants.
• 2. POLYPHONY – or many-voiced singing. Developed when a plain song is
performed as a round song. In a round song the ground is divided into three
different sub-groups. They having different cue to start. Accidentally,
harmony is produced as the three groups repeated sing the same melody.
• 3. PARALLEL ORGANUM - During the Gothic Period (900-1400 A.D)
little boys are recruited to sing with the monks.
The monks sangs the lower register while the little boys were tasked to sing
in the higher register of the same melody.
There is a sterophonic effect, a semblance of both ethereal and mundae
nature.
The boys must have been “sweet talked” or hypnotized, to submit to this
ordeal.
• 4. MADRIGAL SONG - by the Renaissance Period, (1400-1600 A.D)
peasants, after their day’s work are gathered together in the house of their
friends to sing a song about life’s trials and victories, birth and death. To
accompany the madrigal singers, they employed simple instruments like the
lute and drums.
• 5. CAMERATA - While the Madrigal Song appealed to the common mass,
the camerata appealed to the literati and educated or more affluent class.
Camerata songs promoted the revival of the Greek dramaic style.
• Camerata songs were complicated and difficult to perform. It become
challenge to the performers.
• 6. Opera - it is a glamorized full-blown production. It caters to all sectors of
the society.
• There is music, drama, action.
• The production features singers, dancers, actor/actresses, acrobats, and
jugglers, fabulous costumes, fantastic sets and props, mesmerizing makeup
and outlandish hairdos.
• Has an orchestra.
 BAROQUE PERIOD( 1600-1750 A.D)
• Music of the baroque period reflected the characteristics of the visual art. The
vastness and grandness in scope in painting and architecture were likewise executed
in the length of the musical composition. Richly ornamented surfaces was reflected
by sixteen voices and musical ornamentation. Strong contrast and dramatic effect
were indeed present in the musical composition of the period where one observed
the soft and loud contrast in the different movement of the composition. Music
focused in the church , oratorio is a musical composition which adapted religious
themes, such as the birth, life and death of Jesus Christ. Cantatas were shorter
version of oratorio.
• Every church had its own pipe organ. It has been known that there were 3
big Bs in music: they are Johann Sebastian Bach, Johannes Brahms and
Ludwig Van Beethoven. George Handel was a German composer but spent
many years in England and other parts of Europe. When Handel was
requested to play before the king of England , he performed ``The
Messiah`` which he finished composing in 26 days. Upon the climax of the
cantata ``Halleluiah`` the king stood up in praise to God for the gift of the
music and the genius of Handel. Today whenever Halleluiah is sang live, the
audience is requested to stand. One of his four coronation anthems. Zadok
the priest (1727), composed for the coronation of George II of great Britain,
has been perform at every subsequent Britain coronation, traditionally during
the sovereign`s anointing.
 SONATA ALLEGRO( THE CLASSICAL
MUSIC) 1750- 1800 A.D)
• Sonata allegro is the classical music because it is the music that has been
handed from generation to generation. It has a universal appeal. Sonata
allegro has appeal to the intellectuals, sentimentalists and to the young. The
sonata allegro follows a formula of exposition, development, and
recapitulation. exposition introduces the themes. The development brings the
interplay of the different themes. In a play the plot and sub plot are
introduced by the different character. Recapitulation remind the listeners of
the different themes and how they are bridged to resolve the plot which leads
to the finale which might be an exciting coda or to a melodramatic end.
• Thomas Wolfang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) – child genius , he died 35
years young and in poverty . His relatives found his body buried in a
common grave yard.
• Frans Joseph Haydn (1732-1800)
• Austrian Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1827) – composed 9 great
symphony and 32 piano sonatas concertos and quartet. When he grew old he
become completely deaf, but he continued to compose music.
• Frans Peter Schubert (1797-1828) – polish , was only 35 years young when
he succumbed to typhus. Schubert was called the musician of friendship. He
was found lying on bed with a book clasped in his hand. His dead was
compared to a wounded lark which had fallen to the ground and could not
fly and finally died.
• Johannes Brahms ( 1833-1897)
 Romantic Period (1800-1896)
• Lieder, Bella Canto, Art Song and Kundiman
• The Romantic Era brought another genre of music. The rigid formula of the
Sonata Allegro had lost it’s appeal to the people. Younger composer began to write
songs that gave way freely to their emotions
• In Germany these songs are called lieder.
• In Italy and Spain they are called Bello Canto.
• In England they are called Art Song.
• In the Philippines it is called Kundiman.
 Famous Filipino Composer are:
• Antonio Molina- National Artist of 1973
• Jovita Fuentes- National Artist of 1976
• Antonio Bueneventura- National Artist of 1988
• Lucresia R. Kasilag- National Artist of 1989
• Lucio San Pedro - National Artist of 1991
• Jose Maceda -National Artist of 1997
• Filipe de Leon- National Artist of 1999
• Andrea Veneracion - National Artist of 1999
• The Greatest Romantic Composer was Frederic Fancois Chopin. He died of
“unrequited Love” and from consumption, (tuberculosis).
• Franz Lizt he was dashing, handsome, intelligent and piano virtuoso. But in
the end he retires and become a Franciscan Monk but continued to compose
music.
 IMPRESSIONISM (1800-PRESENT)
• Impressionistic music records a passing event or moment. The composers
and listeners are not supposed to get emotionally involved. The theme could
be about passing clouds, gurgling brook, birds chirping, cattle mowing. An
example is claude de bussy`s ``Claire de Lune`` or flight of the bumble
bee`` by Nikolai Rimsky-korsakov for his opera ``the tale of tsar saltan`` and
`` the swan`` by Camille saint saens. The music can be very moving and good
for listening while reading.
 HUMAN VOICE CLASSIFIED
• 1. SOPRANO – Female high voice
• A. COLORATURA – Highest female voice. A coloratura can perform runs, trills and
musical ornamentation.
• B. LYRICAL – Voice less high and good for sweet love songs.
• C. DRAMATIC – High voice but heavier and expresses deep emotion
• D. MEZZO – Voice between soprano and alto.
• 2. CONTRA ALTO – A female voice which is low and rich in quality.
• 3. TENOR – High male voice
• A. LYRICAL – A high male voice suited for melodious pieces.
 • B. DRAMATIC – A high male voice but heavy suited for intense and heavy emotion.
• 4. BARITONE – A male voice between tenor and bass.
• 5. BASS - Low male voice
• basso profundo lowest male voice. ( in the Philippines basso profundo is very rare)
• Classification Of Music
• 1. Primitive Music- performed by Primitive men with musical instruments.
• 2. Folk Music- type of music with, no known composers. They are passed
down through generation.
• 3. Madrigal Songs - informal groups developed during early Renaissance.
• 4. Camerata Music- developed after the madrigal songs. The pieces were
difficult to appealed to the literati.
• 5. Tertulla- an informal musical entertainment conducted in homes to please
guests
• 6. Opera- a full blown musical productions.
• 7. Classical Music- Sonata Allegro, a formal music has expositions
development and recapitulations. It is a long musical compositions which
features a solo voice or an instrument with chordal accompaniment.
• 8. Nocturne- beautiful night pieces
• 9. Art Song- inspired by folksongs which have been carefully recomposed.
• 10. Pop Songs- popular song of our time
• 11. Jazz Musical- introduces by former American Negro slaves. They
improvised used discarded army musical instrument. Jazz keeps a srtict take
duple time with eight quick bets to the measuere,
• 12. Blues- sung by Negro slaves who worked on the fields, to lighten their
labor.
• 13. Rock Music- the music of the 60’s which has rocked the world and
changed the history of music. Employed are blaring sounds frenzied
drumming and abandonment of emotional restraint.
• 14. Atonal-Aleotoric Music- in the mid 70’s, musicians employed 12 tonal
systems and included atmospheric effect. To the untrained ear, sometimes it
sounds off the key and disorganized.
• 15. Metallic Music Uses all metallic sound producing instruments, such as:
electric organ and synthesizer to produce out of this world sound.
• 16. Alternative Music- refers to the choice of the artists whether to play
contemporary, revial or original compositions.
 MUSICAL INSTRUMENT CLASSICAL
• Orchestra – it is a ground of musical instruments and players which may
range from eight to a hundred or more complete with the four sections. The
four sections are: brass, woodwind string and percussion, bell, chime,
marimba, piano and tambourine.
• Stategical blocking of musical instrument of the orchestra
• A. brass – this instrument has a metal body. The mounth piece or
cup is placed directly on the lips and blown to produce the sound.
Example: bugle, trumpet, coronet, French horn, trombone, tuba
and double bass.
• B. wood wind – part of the body of this instrument is made of wood . The
mouth piece may be composed of a single or double reed. To produced the
sound the player places the mouth piece in the mouth over the tongue and
blows. The vibration of the reed travels through the body and the sound
come out.
• Example: clarinet, oboe, bassoon, flute and the piccolo.
• C. string- these are the instruments that are strummed plucked or bowed.
Example are: violin, viola, cello double bass, harp, guitar, banjo and other
instruments of a rondalla. A rondalla is a Pilipino musical ensemble
composed of different string instruments.
• D. Percussion – these are the instruments that are struck, hammered
tapped, scraped or shaken. Example are: drum ( snare, bass, conga, bongos,
tympani,) maracas, craper, triangular.