PHILOSOPHY

SUBMITTED BY: GERALDINE VILLARTA

SUBMITTED TO: MR. GEMPISAW
 WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

• PHILOSOPHY IS THE STUDY OF GENERAL AND FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS ABOUT

EXISTENCE, KNOWLEDGE, VALUES, REASON, MIND, AND LANGUAGE. SUCH
QUESTIONS ARE OFTFEN POSED AS PROBLEMS TO BE STUDIED OR RESOLVED.
THE TERM WAS PROBABLY COINED BY PYTHAGORAS.
• PHILOSOPHY, (FROM GREEK, BY WAY OF LATIN, PHILOSOPHIA, “LOVE OF
WISDOM”) THE RATIONAL, ABSTRACT, AND METHODICAL CONSIDERATION OF
REALITY AS A WHOLE OR OF FUNDAMENTAL DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN EXISTENCE
AND EXPERIENCE. PHILOSOPHICAL ENQUIRY IS A CENTRAL ELEMENT IN THE
INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF MANY CIVILIZATIONS.
 THE GREAT PHILOSOPHERS

• SOCRATES – HE IS A MASTER STONEMASON AND SOCIAL CRITIC. HE BECAME

FAMOUS FOR ENCOURAGING PEOPLE TO CRITICALLY QUESTION EVERYTHING.
• PLATO – HE IS A STUDENT OF SOCRATES IS REGARDED AS THE FATHER OF
POLITICAL SCIENCE AND THE FOUNDER OF ONE OF THE WORLD FIRST KNOWN
INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING, ACADEMY IN ATHENS.
• ARISTOTLE – HE IS A STUDENT OF PLATO AND THE TEACHER OF ALEXANDER THE
GREAT. HE IS CONSIDERED ONE OF THE WORLDS GREATEST ANCIENT
PHILOSOPHERS.
• THALES – HE IS REGARDED AS ONE OF THE FATHERS OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY, BEING A
PIVOTAL POINT FOR FOLLOWING GENERATIONS OF FAMOUS THINKERS,
PHILOSOPHERS AND SCIENTIST.
• EMPEDOCLES – HE IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PRESOCRATIC ERA
PHILOSOPHERS.
• DEMOCRITUS – HE WAS ALSO KNOWN AS “LAUGHING PHILOSOPHERS” AND ONE OF
THE FIRST ADVOCATES OF DEMOCRACY, EQUALITY AND LIBERTY.
• HERACLITUS – HE IS ALSO A PRESOCRATIC PHILOSOPHER, MOSTLY KNOWN FOR HIS
CONTRIBUTION TO THE THOUGHT THAT THINGS ARE ALWAYS CHANGING.
• PYTHAGORAS – HE IS A FAMOUS MATHEMATICIAN WHO IS CREDITED WITH
INVENTING THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM, ONE OF THE KEY COMPUTATIONS IN
GEOMETRY.
• ANAXAGORAS – HE LIVED IN ATHENS. HE BELIEVED THAT IN THE PHYSICAL
WORLD, EVERYTHING CONTAINS A PORTION OF EVERYTHING ELSE.
• EPICURUS – WAS AN ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHER AS WELL AS THE FOUNDER
OF THE SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY CALLED EPICUREANISM.
THE HUMAN PERSON IN THE
ENVIRONMENT
 ‘WHAT IS THE WORLD
MADE OFF? HOW DID THE
WORLD COME INTO
BEING?, AND ‘HOW CAN WE
EXPLAIN THE PROCESS OF
CHANGE?
 CONSIDER THESE TWO
FRAMEWORKS (PAYNE 2010)
ANTHROPOCENTRIC MODEL
HUMAN
CULTURE
INDIVIDUALISM
MIND
CALCULATION
HUMAN OVER AGAINST ENVIRONMENT
GLOBAL/ TECHNOLLOGY
ECOCENTRIC MODEL
NATURE
WILD
HOLISM
NATURE/COSMOS
BODY
RATIONAL
EARTH/ WISDOM
ECOLOGY OVER AGAINST HUMAN
 “PYTHAGORAS”

HE DESCRIBED THE UNIVERSE AS LIVING

EMBODIMENT OF NATURE’S ORDER , HARMONY,
AND BEAUTY.
• HE SEES OUR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE
UNIVERSE INVOLVING :
BIOPHILIA (LOVE OF OTHER LIVING THINGS)
COSMOPHILIA (LOVE OF OTHER LIVING BEINGS)
 HE SAID THAT HUMANITY HAD
DOMINATED NATURE. THERE CAN
ONLY BE CHANGE IF I WILL
CHANGE OUR ATTITUDE TOWARDS
OUR PERCEPTION OF THE
ENVIRONMENT.
HERBERT MARCUSE
 GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
AS HUMAN BEINGS, WE DO NOT HAVE
ONLY RIGHTS BUT DUTIES. WE ARE
NOT ONLY CITIZENS OF THE
COMMUNITY AND IN OUR REACTION
TO IT, CHANGE IT.
NOTICE THINGS THAT ARE NOT
IN THEIR PROPER PLACE AND
ORGANIZE THEM IN AN
AESTHETIC THINKERS WAY
a. ANCIENT THINKERS
b. MODERN THINKERS
 ANCIENT THINKERS
PHILOSOPHER: ANAXIMANDER
ACCORDING TO ANAXIMANDER’S SKETCH OF THE GENESIS OF THE
WORLD (COSMOGONY), THE EVOLUTION OF THE WORLD BEGINS
WITH THE GENERATION OF OPPOSITES IN A CERTAIN REGION OF
NATURE ; A PORTION OF THE BOUNDLESS FIRST DIFFERENTIATES
ITSELF INTO A COLD MOIST MASS SURROUNDED BY A ROUGHLY
SPHERICAL SHELL OF THE WARM-DRY.
 MODERN THINKERS
PHILOSOPHER: IMMANUEL KANT
IMMANUEL KANT EXPRESSES THAT BEAUTY IS ULTIMATELY A
SYMBOL OF MORTALITY (KANT 1997). ACCORDING TO KANT,
WE MUST IGNORE ANY PARTICAL MOTIVES OR INCLINATION
THAT WE HAVE AND INSTEAD CONTEMPLATE THE OBJECT
WITHOUT BEING DISTRACTED BY OUR DESIRES (GOLDBLATT &
BROWN 2010).
THREE ENVIRONMENT THEORY
a. DEEP ECOLOGY
b. SOCIAL ECOLOGY
c. ECOFEMINISM
 DEEP ECOLOGY
FOR THIS THEORY, ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IS
AN OUTCOME OF ANTHROPOCENTRISM,
WHICH IS ALREADY DISCUSSED. DEEP
ECOLOGISTS ENCOURAGE HUMANITY TO
SHIFT AWAY FROM ANTHOPOCENTISM TO
OCOCENTRISM.
 SOCIAL ECOLOGY
SOCIAL ECOLOGISTS CALL FOR SMALL-SCALE SOCIETIES.
 ECOFEMINISM
THIS THEORY ARGUES THAT ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IS A
CONSEQUENCE OF MALE DOMINANCE.