enduring association of a large number of people with a distinct culture and shared institution for mutual benefit and protection. SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES AND PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIETY •STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE “Consensus Theory” •Society functions and every parts contribute to the system as a whole. •CONFLICT THEORY •A full understanding of the society lies in competition and conflicts between winners and losers. Change can only be attained trough conflict. SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES AND PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIETY •SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION PERSPECTIVE •Human acts have subjective meanings and people develop and communicate trough the shared meanings of this acts. Ex. Gift giving could be a gesture of friendship or bribe. EARLY SOCIETIES •HUNTING GATHERING SOCIETIES •Humans survive trough kinship who shifts from one place to another to gather and hunt food with the use of simple and crude tools. •HORTICULTURAL, FISHING AND PASTORAL SOCIETIES •People shift from one place to another to look for greener Pasteur and plants and fishes occasionally/seasonally. EARLY MODERN-POST MODERN SOCIETIES •AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES •Dawn of Civilization •INDUSTRIAL SOCITIES •Use of machineries with fuels •POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES •Society of technologically advanced nations COMMUNITY •Group of people occupying a territory , living together with families and the neighborhood •ELEMENTS: •People •Territory •Interaction •Common Values •BASIC SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS: •Family •Religious Institutions •Economic and Political Institutions •Educational Institutions RELATIONSHIP AND BONDS IN SOCIETY
•Gemeinschaft- Rural relationship
•Relationship is personal where friendship and kinship is integrated in the relationship •Gesellschaft- Urban relationship •Relationship is impersonal, specialized and business-like. SOCIALIZATION
•The acquisition of the norms and roles
accepted of people in a particular society •AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION: •Family •Peer group •School •Mass Media •Religion •Primary Group CULTURE •Latin “cultura” cultus” care or cultivation •Culture- Totality of man
•ELEMENTS: •Material •Non-material
•NON MATERIAL CULTURE:
•Language •Beliefs- Peoples perception of reality •Values- shared ideas about desirable goals/ judgment about right or wrong •Norms- Customary Behavior NORMS •MORES- Standard conduct highly respected by society •Do not shout to elderly •Use of po and opo •FOLKWAYS- Traditional and habitual ways •Pagmamano •Laws- Formal norms Rules enforced by authorities CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE •LEARNED- Could be learned trough interaction •SHARED- No one knows the entire culture •CUMULATIVE- It can grow and expand •DYNAMIC- Change is continuous •RELATIVE/DIVERSE- Culture is different from one another OTHER CULTURAL CONCEPTS •ETHNOCENTRISM- Ones culture is superior •CULTURAL RELATIVISM- Each culture should be judged based on its merits •XENOSENTRISM- Anything foreign is superior •TEMPOROCENTRISM- One’s own time is important than of the past or future •SUBCULTURE- Distinct culture within a general culture •COUNTER-CULTURE- Subculture which contradicts larger society OTHER CULTURAL CONCEPTS •CULTURE LAG- Inability to immediately adopt to another culture •CULTURE SHOCK- Disorientation and frustration when in another culture •CULTURAL INTEGRATION- Adaption of mass culture •ISOLATION- A culture continues to develop on it’s own •DIFFUSSION- Spread of culture MODES OF ACQUIRING CULTURE •IMITATION- Duplication of culture •INDOCTRINATION- Culture is formally taught •CONDITIONING- Culture is learned trough rewards and punishments •ACCULTURATION- Learning other culture trough long contacts •ENCULTURATION- Learning one’s culture for necessity. •AMALGAMATION- Intermarriage FAMILY •Oldest, universal institution established and smallest unit of the society •Composed of people united by marriage, blood or adoption 1. nuclear a family group consisting of family a pair of adults and their children.
2. extended a family group with 3 or
family more generations in a family.
3. Single- A mother or father alone
parent family raising children.
4. Blended Two divorced people marry,
family bring with them children from the old families.
5. Childless A couple with no kids.
family FAMILY RESIDENCE •NEOLOCAL- Couple lives alone or separately from parents •PATRILOCAL- Couple lives with the family of the male •MATRILOCAL- Couple lives with the family of the wife FAMILY DESCENT •PATRILINEAL- Traces ancestry from father’s side •MATRILINEAL- Traces ancestry from mother’s side •BILINEAL- Traces family ancestry from both mother and father FAMILY AUTHORITY •PATRIARCHAL- Authority is exercised by the father •MATRIARCHAL- Authority is exercised by the mother •EGALITARIAN- Authority is jointly shared MARRIAGE •MONOGAMY- One wife, one husband •POLYGAMY- A person may have more than one spouse at the same time •POLYANDRY- A woman may have more than one husband at the same time •POLYGYNY- A man may have more than one wife at the same time Thank You…