Thermodynamics of Ideal Processes

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

Entropy View of Theoretical

Processes …..
Reversible Cycle & Origin of Thermodynamic
Entropy
Temperature- Entropy Diagram
 Temperature-Entropy Change -- Equations

• For a control mass containing a pure compressible substance

undergoing a reversible process (no change in KE & PE)
dU= Qrev - Wrev = TdS - pdV
TdS = dU + pdV, or Tds = du + pdv ( per unit mass)
 This is the famous Gibbsian equation
Eliminate du by using the definition of enthalpy h=u+pv
dh = du + pdv + vdp, thus du + pdv = dh - vdp
Tds = du + pdv, also Tds = dh - vdp
• Important: these equations relate the entropy change of a
system to the changes in other properties: dh, du, dp, dv.
• Therefore, they are independent of the processes.
 Entropy change of an incompressible substance
• For most liquids and all solids, the density is not changed as
pressure changes, that is, dv=0.
• Gibbsian equation states that Tds=du+pdv=du, du=CdT.
• For an incompressible substance Cp=Cv=C is a function of
temperature only.
du C  T  dT
 ds   ds 
T T
C  T  dT
2 T1
Integrating from state 1 to state 2 s  s  ds 
2 1 
1
T T
1

T1
dT Where, Cavg is the averaged
s2  s1  Cavg  specific heat over the given
T1
T temperature range.
 Entropy change during change of Phase
• Consider steam is undergoing a phase transition from
liquid to vapor at a constant temperature.

du p
ds   dv
T T
For a change from saturated liquid to saturated vapor
1 p
s fg  s g  s f  (u g  u f )  (v g  v f )
T T

u fg p  v fg
s fg  s g  s f  
T T
 The Thermodynamics of Temperature Creation

• The Gibbsian equation,defines the change in specific

entropy of any substance during any reversible process.
Tds  du  pdv  dh  vdp
• Consider a control mass
executing a constant
volume process:
Tds  du  pdv

u
T
s v  constant

The relative change in internal energy of a control mass w.r.t.

change in entropy at constant volume is called as absolute
temperature.
 The Thermodynamics of Temperature Creation

• Consider a control volume executing a reversible constant

pressure process:
Tds  dh  vdp

h
T
s p  constant

The relative change in enthalpy of a control volume w.r.t. change

in entropy at constant pressure is called as absolute temperature.
 Entropy change of an ideal gas
• From the Gibbsian equations, the change of entropy of a
substance can be expressed as
du P dh v
ds   dv or ds   dP
T T T T
For an ideal gas, u=u(T) and h=h(T),
du=cv(T)dT and dh=cp(T)dT and Pv=RT

cv  T  dT P C p  T  dT v
ds   dv or ds   dP
T T T T
By Integration, the change in the entropy is

2
 v2 
2
dT  p2 
s2  s1   cv  T 
dT
 R ln  or s2  s1   c p  T   R ln 
T  v1  1
T  p1 
1
 Ideal Gas with constant specific heats

• When specific heats are constant (calorically perfect gas),

the integration can be simplified:
 T2   v2 
s2  s1  cv ln   R ln 
 T1   v1 
 T2   p2 
s2  s1  c p ln   R ln 
 T1   p1 
• If a process is isentropic (that is adiabatic and reversible), ds=0,
s1=s2,
 Isentropic Process by an idea gas with constant
propeties
  1 
 1    
 T2   v2   T2   p2      p2   v1 
              
 T1   v1   T1   p1   p1   v2 

1   1 
 
T   1   p 
   C1 or  
 
 C2 or pv   C3
v T 

Are the reversible Process practicable?

100% perfection is possible but may not ne practicable..!?!!?!