Global Climate Change

• Weather is defined as the condition of the atmosphere at a particular

place and time. It is characterised by the parameters such as
temperature , humidity , rain and wind. Climate on the other hand
refers to long term pattern of weather conditions of a given area.

• Climate change refers to variation in earths global climate or in

regional climate over time. From the ice age of the past to the
industrial age of the present climate of the earth has been changing.
 Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

• The phenomenon whereby the earth's atmosphere traps solar radiation,

caused by the presence in the atmosphere of gases such as carbon
dioxide, water vapor and methane that allow incoming sunlight to pass
through but absorb heat radiated back from the earth's surface.
• The heated surface then radiates some of that energy into the atmosphere
in the form of longer-wavelength infrared radiation. Although some of this
radiation escapes into space, much of it is absorbed by greenhouse gases
in the lower atmosphere, which in turn re-radiate a portion back to the
Earth's surface.
• Such heating effect keeps the earth warm, ensures survival of life.
Otherwise its temp could have ben below freezing, like Mars (-140˚C).
However excess of these gases causes excessive heat, like that on Venus
where CO2 is 60,000 times more and its temp is 460˚C.
• The atmosphere thus acts in a manner roughly
analogous to the glass in a greenhouse, which allows
sunlight to penetrate and warm the plants and soil
but which traps most of the resulting heat energy
inside. The greenhouse effect is essential to life on
Earth; however, the intensification of its effect due to
increased levels of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere is considered to be the main
contributing factor to global warming .
1. Shorter, high
Energy wavelengths
Hit the earths
Surface

2. Incoming energy
Is converted to heat
3. Longer, infrared
Wavelengths hit
Greenhouse gas
Molecules in the
atmosphere

4. Greenhouse gas
Molecules in the
Atmosphere emit
Infrared radiation
Back towards earth
Greenhouses Gases
•Carbon dioxide (CO2)- contributes 65% to GHE; sources- fossil fuel
burning, fuel burning and deforestation; stays in atmosphere for upto 200
years. Atm conc-410.7 ppm

•Chlorofluoro carbons (CFCs)- 24% in anthropogenic GHE, it also deplete

stratospheric ozone; sources- leaking air conditioners, refrigerators,
evaporation of industrial solvents, production of plastic foams, aerosols
propellants. GHP- 10,000-25,000 times more heat than CO2 molecule. Life
span 65-110 years. Atm conc- 0.00225 ppm inc. at the rate 0.5% annually.

•Methane (CH4)- 18% to GHE, Sources- anaerobic bacterial decomposition

in wetlands, swamps, paddy field, landfills and digestive tract of cattle, sheep
and termites. Life span-12 years. Atm conc.-1.9 ppm and inc. at rate of 1%

•Nitrous oxide (N2O)- 6% to GHE, it also depletes ozone, Sources- nylon

products, burning of biomass and nitrogen rich fuels esp coal, breakdown of
nitrogen fertilizers in soil. life span- 114 year. GHP- 289 times more than
CO2 molecule; conc.- is 0.33 ppm and inc. at the rate of 0.2% annually.
•Water vapours (H2O)

•Ozone
Activities Responsible for Emission of Greenhouse Gases

•Fossil-fuel burning

•Industrial processes

•Deforestation

•Livestock

•Biomass burning

•Coal mining
 Factors for global warming
• Global warming- warming of earth

Other Factors
-Melting of ice covers and
-Reduction in carbon sinks –deforestation and
reduced capacity of oceans to absorb CO2
acidification of ocean
 Environmental effects of Global warming

Since the conc. of green house gases in the atmosphere has

continued to increase and hence environment is affected in the
following ways:

Weather extremes: It is predicted that average surface temperature

of earth will rise between 1.5-4.5 0C by 2050 if the greenhouse
gases continue to rise. As a result most places will become hotter.
Some places become drier and some places become wetter.

Rise in Sea level: Global warming will lead to the expansion of sea
water due to melting of glaciers and polar ice caps. According to one
of the survey global sea level has risen by 10 -15 cm over the last
century. It is expected that it will rise by about 50 cm by 2100.
• Agricultural Production: Due to change in the global distribution of
heat , food production could vary considerably. Areas that are
currently productive would become less productive. Increased
evaporation and drier soils will result to prolonged droughts. Need of
irrigation would increase and warmer areas will also suffer from
increased pest infestations, crop diseases and weeds.

• Storms: Global warming may increase the frequency and intensity

of cyclones such as hurricanes and violent storms. This will lead
serious destruction across the costal areas.

• Adverse effects on Human Health: Scarcity of food , water ,poor

sanitation, malaria, fever, dengue

• Loss of Biodiversity and destruction of Ecosystems: Migration

of large no. of animals from one place to other, death of aquatic
species,
 Global temperature increase:
0.8˚C since pre-industrial era and is expected to rise by 1.5˚C to 5.5˚C by 2050

Global mean surface-temperature change from 1880 to 2017, relative to the 1951–1980
mean. The 1951-1980 mean is 14.18 °C (57.52 °F).
Rise in sea levels:
15 cm in last century
 1941 2004

Muir Glacier, Alaska (USGS)

1973 2006
16
Whitechuck Glacier, North Cascades National Park retreated 1.9 km
Control measures

•Reduction in the use of fossil fuels and CFCs

•Shifting to the renewable energy sources that do
not emit greenhouse gases eg nuclear energy,
from coal to natural gas
•Increasing the use of energy efficient and
cleaner production technologies and practices
•Stabilize population
•Trap and use methane as a fuel
•Reduce beef production
•Adopt sustainable agriculture
• Burn Methane:
• Use Smart Cooler, Heater & Air Conditioner
• Tune up and maintain vehicles properly
• Reduce electricity usage to the maximum
• Prefer recycling
• Removal of CO2 from smoke stacks
• Reducing deforestation, adopting better forest
management practices, and undertaking afforestation
to sequester carbon
 Small changes really add up

Replace your old refrigerator with Set your thermostat down a few degrees
a new Energy Star: in the winter
Annual savings: Annual savings:
$90; 700 pounds CO2 $135; 1400 pounds CO2

Drive JUST 10 fewer miles per week

Annual savings:
$80; 520 pounds CO2

Wash clothes in cold water only Reduce your garbage by 10% through
Annual savings: greater recycling or reduced packaging
$70; 500 pounds CO2 Annual savings:
1200 pounds CO2

* These are mid-range estimates from published sources; your savings may vary.
 pH of Rain
•Natural Rain: Water in rain combines with
carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid (a
weak acid that causes normal rain to be
slightly acidic or below a pH of 7)

•Acid Rain: Sulfur and nitrogen oxides from

the burning of fossil fuels combine with
water in rain to form sulfuric and nitric acids
(strong acids that cause rain to have pH
below 5.6 or be acid rain)
 Acid Rain

Acid rain is environmental problem especially in North eastern

America, North western Europe, and India.
The normal rain has pH less than 7 due to formation of weak carbonic
acid formed in atmosphere.
When pH of rain falls below or to 5.6 its termed as acidic

Causes of Acid Rain

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is main primary pollutant (2/3) that causes
acid rain; sources- burning of the fossil fuels (coal and oil) and
nitrogen dioxide (NO2) responsible for 1/3 of acid rains sources-
vehicular emissions, nitrogenous fertilizers, forest fires.
Adverse Effects of Acid Rain

Effects on buildings: Damage to building and structural

material such as marble, limestone, slate etc. these material
can easily dissolve in acid rain.

Corrosion to metals, paint, textiles and ceramic.

The attack on marble is termed as stone leprosy.

Ex. Taj Mahal, , British Parliament, St. Paul’s Catheral

•Effects on aquatic ecosystem: Reduction in population of aquatic biota due to
changes in pH, reproductive failure and enhanced toxicity of metals. Many lakes of
New York state, Sweden, Norway, Canada have become fishless.
•Damage to terrestrial ecosystems – 10% forests have died. It
reduces plant growth, reduces photosynthesis, and enhanced
sensitivity esp. of crops towards drought and diseases.
Effect on human being:

Acidification of soil cause the acid deposit to enter the food chain.

Because of this serious nervous, respiratory and digestive problem in

humans.

It may cause the breakdown of compounds and may release toxic

metal into the atmosphere.

These metal may mix with water and cause extensive damage
to dependent plants and organism.
Food containing acid deposit or these toxic metals may cause brain
damage and even death.

SO2 and NO2 emission increase the risk of respiratory problems such as
dry cough, asthma, headaches and eye, nose and throat irritation.

Acid rain is harmful for those who is suffering from asthma or having
breathing problem.
 Conclusion

The precipitation of the acidic pollutant need not occur near the
source i.e. it may be possible that pollutant are produced in an area
and are carried by the wind to another area where the precipitation
take place.

For example acid rain take place in Canada because of pollution

caused by petrochemical industries in North America.

This is a major problem and solution are expensive.

 Preventing acid rain
• International agreements to reduce sulfur dioxide
pollution.
• Energy efficiency means less coal burned to
make electricity.
• Ultra low sulphur petrol.
• Alternative energy sources like natural gas, solar,
wind farms and nuclear.
 Key Points to understand
• When we burn fossil fuels, carbon dioxide is
released into the atmosphere.
• Sulfur dioxide & nitrogen oxide can be released
when fossil fuels are burnt. These gases dissolve
into rain (water) making it acidic. This solution
then falls as acid rain.
• Acid rain may damage trees directly and make
rivers too acidic so plants & animals cannot live
in them.
• Acid rain kills organisms by stopping some
enzymes from working. These enzymes control
reactions & are very sensitive to pH
(acid/alkaline scale).
• Acid rain often falls a long way from where it was
produced
 Depletion of Ozone layer:
This is tri atomic molecule of oxygen (O3).

Available in stratosphere

Extended from 6 km at the poles and 17 km at the equator.

Ground level O3 creates respiratory problem.

It is used to kill microorganism during water purification process and as

bleaching agent.

If present in stratosphere act as protective layer, where as in troposphere

it act as harmful pollutant and is major component of photochemical smog.

Trace of this gas in troposphere can cause damage to human lungs and
tissues and also harms plants.

Ozone is also a greenhouse gas.

 Causes and mechanism:
•The main reason of this is widespread use of CFCs. They are used as coolant
in the compressors of refrigerators and air conditioners.

•They also used to clean electronic circuits board used in computers, phone
etc., and manufacture of foams for mattresses and cushions, disposable
Styrofoam cups, packing material, cold storages etc.
•As solvent for dry cleaning and degreasing
•Propellant in aerosol sprays
•These rise slowly from earth’s surface into the stratosphere.

•Under light the break down and release Cl atoms, which speed up break down
of an ozone molecule into O2 and O. One CFC molecule break down 100000
ozone molecule through chain reactions.
Mechanism of Ozone Layer Depletion
Environmental effects of O3 depletion:

The umbrella of O3 absorb UV radiation before it reach to ground. O3

depletion in stratosphere result in more UV radiation reaching the earth
surface.
This can lead to adverse effect on human health, terrestrial and aquatic plants
and organisms.
Following are the adverse effects:

Effects on terrestrial plants:

Increase UV radiation affects plants by reducing leaf size and increase

germination time.
It also lead to loss of chlorophyll in leave and thus reduction of
photosynthesis.
Loss of agriculture productivity may lead to severe social and political
consequences at global level
Effects on aquatic community:

UV radiation may penetrate 10-20 m into deep in water.

Radiation may kills many planktonic organisms.

Death of phytoplankton adversely affects the aquatic food chain.

Mass scale elimination of phytoplankton due to UV radiation will reduce

CO2 uptake at the global scale, which in turn will increase atmospheric CO2
and consequently cause global warming.
Effects on human being:
•It may increase the skin cancer and cause the skin to freckle
and age faster.

•It may increase the frequency of cataracts and other eye

diseases in human and animals.

•Immune system become weak.

Effects on climate:
Ozone depletion will disturb temperature gradient.

In addition, both UV radiation reaching to earth’s surface and

presence of ozone- destroying chemicals will add to global
warming with the further harmful effect.
Effects on material:

Increase in UV radiation damage paint and fabrics, causing them

to fade faster.

Plastic furniture, pipes etc. also deteriorate faster when exposed

to the sun
Safety measures:
All over the world, efforts are on to save the ozone layer.

The UN formed a committee which is drafted an agreements that call for a

stepwise of reduction of CFCs.

This is called Montreal Protocol came into effect in 1987.

It reflects global efforts towards prevention of ozone depletion.

Some substituent are already available for CFCs, while some others are being
developed.

The CFCs can be replaced by hydrocholrofluorocarbons (HCFCs),

hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), etc. 16 September is observed as ‘International
ozone day’.
Related links

1. Climate change
https://www.carbonbrief.org/10-of-the-best-youtube-videos-on-climate-change

2. global warming
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/101-videos/global-warming-101
http://www.howglobalwarmingworks.org/in-under-4-minutes-ba.html

3. ozone layer depletion

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXV6ppONgUk

4. acid rain and impacts on human communities and agriculture

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9aEx067YkDE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=893KB3s_jIA
http://study.com/academy/lesson/acid-rain-effects-causes-quiz.htm
Weather is the condition of–
(a) the atmosphere at a particular place and time
(b) average atmosphere of last 100 years of a country
(c) average atmosphere of last 1000 years of a country
(d) only moisture in sea

Green house effect is

(a) emission of green coloured gas
(b) heat trapping process by gas
(c) effect of green vegetables on health
(d) effect of green building on environment.

Which of the statement is true?

(a) global warming is the effect of excess green house effect
(b) there is no relation between global warming and green house effect
(c) global warming means afforestation
(d) none of the statement is true.

Which of the following is NOT green house gas?

(a) CH4 (b) CO2 (c) CFC (d) N2
Which of the following is green house gas?
(a) O3 (b) Cl2 (c) O2 (d) N2

Which of the following is responsible for global warming?

(a) deforestation (b) burning of fossil fuel (c) coal mining (d) all of these

Which initiative was taken to reduce global warming?

(a) Kyoto Protocol (b) Montreal protocol (c) Global protocol (d) Earth protocol

Which initiative was taken to reduce ozone layer depression?

(a) Kyoto Protocol (b) Montreal protocol (c) Global protocol (d) Earth protocol

Which gas is directly responsible for acid rain?

(a) SO2 (b) O2 (c) N2 (d) Br2

What is the full name of CFC?

(a) chloro fluoro carbon (b) chloro fine carbon (c) carbon floated chlorine
(d) chlorine floated carbon
Kyoto Protocol-International treaty to control Global
warming and climate change

The Kyoto Protocol is extension to the 1992 United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change that commits state parties to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
• It was adopted in Kyoto, Japan 1997. currently 192 parties to the
protocol.

The objective of Protocol is “Stabilization of greenhouse gas

concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous
anthropogenic interference with the climatic system”.
It applies to six GHGs carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
hydrofluorocarbons, perflurocarbons, Sulphur hexafluoride.

In effect, the Kyoto Protocol requires the world's developed countries

to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 5% from 1990 levels by 2008-
2010.
 Montreal Protocol-International treaty for
controlling global ozone depletion

Designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production and
use of a number of substances believed to be responsible for ozone
depletion.

It was adopted on 16.09.1987 It was created as a result of the finding of

the ozone hole over Antarctica by Rowland and Molina.

Due to all of these enforcements of the Montreal Protocol, and the fact
that it was agreed to by so many countries around the world, by 2009
CFC emissions were almost zero.
Convention on Biological Diversity

The conservation of biodiversity is a common concern of

humankind. The CBD covers biodiversity at all levels:
Ecosystems, species and genetic resources.
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is an international
legally-binding treaty signed in 1992 at United Nations
conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) or Earth
Summit in Rio de Janerio.
CBD has three main goals:
1) conservation of biodiversity;
2) sustainable use of biodiversity;
3) the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from
the use of genetic resources.
Its overall objective is to encourage actions which will lead to a
sustainable future.
Imtroduction and features of Kyoto Protocol
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXRGwHZxi6A(Kyoto)

Basics of Kyoto Protocol

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXdmqXG3ITU

Why the Kyoto Protocol Failed

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bcxL7jN4akw

Kyoto Protocol's success, criticism and the future

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNhMCE6S0r8

Montreal Protocol Documentry

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lksYRyagxp4

Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1irQmkReDIo

A video on the ozone hole, climate change and the works of the Montreal Protocol on substances
that deplete the ozone layer.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tnp0YU3u1r4

Action Now for Life on Earth

World Wide Views on Biodiversity 2012 - Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5sCJEEXsTE

Land Rights Initiative Delhi Conference to protect tribal populations

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mFw8oakAX-g

Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmrGwt2Gj9M

Issues related to the culture, identity, lifestyle and livelihood of the tribals.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7D7H37bxsE

Human Wildlife Conflict in the Sundarbans

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2yyUl_smGE

Documentry to reduce HUMAN WILDLIFE CONFLICT

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9-wekzDfRo

Imtroduction and features of Kyoto Protocol

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXRGwHZxi6A(Kyoto)

Basics of Kyoto Protocol

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXdmqXG3ITU

Why the Kyoto Protocol Failed

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bcxL7jN4akw
Kyoto protocol is assigned for
a. Reduction of greenhouse gas emission
b. Reduction of acid rain
c. Plantation of trees
d. None of these

Montreal protocol is assigned for

a. Protection of ozone layer
b. Production of greenhouse gas emission
c. Production of acid rain
d. Plantation of trees

What is Kyoto Protocol?

A. It is an agreement among countries to take steps for reducing global warming.
B. It is an agreement among countries to take steps for reducing acid rain.
C. It is an agreement among countries to take steps for planting trees to control pollution.
D. It is an agreement among countries to start using nuclear energy.

The protocol assign for reduction of greenhouse gas emission is:

a. Kyoto protocol
b. Montreal protocol
c. Vienna protocol
d. None of these

The protocol assign for protection of ozone layer is:

a. Kyoto protocol
b. Montreal protocol
c. Vienna protocol
c. None of these
Environment Laws
 Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
• In the wake of the Bhopal Tragedy, the Government of India enacted the
Environment Protection Act of 1986 under Article 253 of the Constitution.
The act extends throughout India.
• Objective- provide for the protection and improvement of the Environment.
• The Act empowers central govt. to take measures to protect and improve
environment while state Govt. will co-ordinate the actions
• Under the Act, a central government functions include
• Laying down standards for the quality of environment in its various aspects
and emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from various
sources.
• Laying down procedures and safeguards for handling hazardous substances
and prevention of accidents which may cause environmental pollution.
• Prohibition and restriction on location of industries and to carry on process
and operations in different areas.
• Make rules in respect of all or any of the matters related to environment.
Under this act the central govt. also made the Environment (Protection)
Rules, 1986 and Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989.
• carrying out and sponsoring research relating to problems of
environmental pollution;
• inspection of any premises, plant, equipment, machinery,
manufacturing or other processes, materials or substances
and giving, by order, of such directions to such authorities,
officers or persons as it may consider necessary to take steps
for the prevention, control and abatement of environmental
pollution;
• establishment or recognition of environmental laboratories
and institutes to carry out the functions entrusted to such
environmental laboratories and institutes under this Act;
• collection and dissemination of information in respect of
matters relating to environmental pollution;
• preparation of manuals, codes or guides relating to the
prevention, control and abatement of environmental
pollution;
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1974
• Objective- to maintenance and restoration of wholesomeness
of water by preventing, controlling and abatement of its
pollution.

Salient features and provisions of this act

• Maintenance and restoration of quality of all types of water
(surface and ground).
• It provides for establishment of central and state boards for
pollution control and confer them with necessary powers and
budgets to control pollution
• It is designed to assess pollution levels and punish polluters.
 Central Pollution Control Board
Functions
• Advices central govt. in matters of prevention and
control of water pollution
• Co-ordinates activities of SPCBs and provide them
technical assistance and guidance
• Organizes training programmes
• Collects, compiles and publishes data related to
pollution.
• Lays standards for water quality parameters
• Establishes and recognises labs for analysis of water,
sewage or trade effluent samples
 State Pollution Control Board’s
• It advises State govt. with respect to location of
any industry that might pollute a stream or a
well.
• Lays standards for effluents discharge
• It is empowered to analyse samples from any
stream well or trade effluent or sewage from an
industry.
• Every industry has to take consent from the
board.
 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act of 1981
Main objectives
• (a) Prevention, control and reduction of air pollution.

• (b) Establishment of Central and State Boards with a view to implement

the Act.

• (c) To confer on the Boards the powers to implement the provisions of the
Act and assign to the Boards functions relating to pollution.
Salient features:

• The Noise has been inserted as air pollutant in the Act in 1987
amendment to the Act.
• Functions-
• Setting of the air quality standards, collecting data on air pollution,
organizing training, awareness programmes, establishing laboratories
o The person appointed by board has right to check any industry and see
whether the follow norms or standard laid by board or not
o SPCBs may declare air pollution control areas within the state and
prohibit use of fuel or any thing causing air pollution. No person can
operate or establish any industry in this area without state board
consent.
o Ensuring emission standards form vehicles.
• Penalties for violation of its provisions. Applies to all.
 Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972
The Government enacted Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 with
the objective of effectively protecting the wildlife
(plants and animals) of this country and to control
poaching, smuggling and illegal trade in wildlife and
its derivatives. Its applicable in all states and UT of India
except J & K.
Provisions of this Act
• Appointment of Wildlife Advisory board including chief
Wildlife warden.
• Listing of endangered wildlife species and prohibition of
their hunting.
• Protection of some endangered plants
• Setting up of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries etc.
• Setting of Central Zoo Authority.
• Trade and commerce in some wildlife species with license
for sale, possession and transfer etc.
• Ban on trade or commerce in scheduled animals.
 Forest Conservation Act of 1980
Objective- To provide protection and conservation of the forests and related
aspects. Except J & K its accepted all over India.
Provision of this act applies to all kind of forests
The main aim of this act
• Use of effective measures to control deforestation
• Forests should be considered natural resources not economic resource.
• The state government or any other authority needs to take prior approval of
central government for using forest land for non-forestry purposes.
• Permission in such cases may be granted only for development activities and
only when there exists enough provision of reforestation in an equivalent
area.
• Whosoever fails to comply with this act shall be punished
• This act also has provisions to restrict encroachment of forestlands by
landless tribal people.
 Issues involved in the
enforcements of Environment
Legislation
 India is a “soft State”

It has excellent environmental laws, but politics and/or corruption

prevent their effective implementation.

The result has been disastrous for our environment and hence for
the economy too, as we are now observing.

After the UN conference on Environment in Stockholm on 5th

June,1972 , India took substantive legislative steps for protection
and conservation of environment and natural resources. However
there are no. of problems and issues involved in the enforcement of
environmental legislation. These are:
• Exponentially growing population – High population needs
more money and resources.
• Illiteracy - Education plays very important role in implementing
laws but literacy rate in some of the states is low so the enforcement
is a problem.
• Ignorance- Educated people are also unaware of envt.
Legislation, so awareness programs should be planned for the
enforcement of these laws.
• Insufficiency of laws - No. of laws are there but there is an
insufficiency of laws related to wildlife trade , preventing discharge in
water bodies, mining activities etc. Similarly wildlife traders in J&K
easily get illegal furs and skins from other states and smuggled to
other countries.
• Economic reasons-Tendency to maximise economic growth and
small scale industries fail to establish proper treatment plants or
incapable to procure high efficiency machines due to lack of funds.

• Religious Reasons - In no. of religious idols of various Gods and

Goddesses are thrown into water bodies. Since such activities are
linked to public sentiments so strict laws can not be enforced.
 Nature Reserves

A nature reserve is an area of land that is protected and managed for various ecological reasons. It could be
designated to protect and reserve wildlife, flora, fauna, geological features or other special interest that plays a
part in our ecosystem and Earth’s biodiversity. Habitats that has its flora and fauna near endangerment are of a
particular concern. They are often protected and conserved in nature reserves to prevent them from extinction
and also to provide study, research and nature appreciation opportunities.
Nature Reserves are established to:
-provide areas suitable for scientific research and education;
-protect representative examples of natural ecosystems;
-provide examples of ecosystems that have been modified by humans and offer an opportunity to study the
natural recovery of ecosystems from modification;
-protect rare or endangered native plants or animals in their natural habitats; and
-provide educational or research field areas for the long-term study of natural changes and balancing forces in
undisturbed ecosystems.
 Tribal Population and Rights and human
wildlife conflicts in Indian context
• Tribal peoples are better at looking after their
environments than anyone else – their survival
depends on it. When the Maasai were removed from
Ngorongoro Crater in Tanzania in 1974, poaching
increased; the eviction of indigenous people from
Yellowstone Park in the United States in the late 19th
century led to overgrazing by elk and bison;
Aborigines in Australia have used controlled burning
to protect forests from devastating Wildfires… the list
goes on.
• There is a simple reason for this: tribal peoples
have managed, protected, nurtured and
shaped their land for generations. They, more
than anyone, have the best knowledge and
motivation to protect their land.
• In India, instead of recognising tribal peoples’
rights to their land, the government has
created more parks, carried out more
evictions, and endeavours to bring in more
tourists.
• Despite endless policy documents, the conservation
industry continues to support programmes that involve the
alienation and abuse of tribal peoples. It is creating a mass
of people who see conservationists as an enemy. It is, in
short, shooting itself in the foot.

• What is needed is radical transformation. Time is running

out – both for wildlife and for tribal peoples.
Conservationists must protect tribal peoples’ rights to their
lands, ask them what help they need, listen to them, and
then support them. There is a mass of evidence to show
that this change is vital. Can the leopard change its spots or
is the conservation industry too wedded to the status quo,
and to meeting the interests of corporate and government
partners, to address the true crisis in our natural world?
Issues involved in the enforcement of environmental legislation is:
a. Illiteracy
b. Ignorance
c. Economic reasons
d. All of these

Illiteracy, Ignorance, Economic reasons are issues involved in

a. Enforcement of environmental legislation
b. Air (Prevention and control of pollution) Act
c. Act Wild life Protection
d. None of these

The environmental planning is:

a. The analysis of how we can increase poaching of environment
b. The analysis of how people impact natural resources
c. The supply of management tool to destroy our environment
d. The analysis of how we can increase deforestation

The legislation that is truly a milestone in the field of environmental protection was enacted in:
A. 1986 B. 1995 C. 1991 D. 1994

The objectives of Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1986

a. To prevent, control and maintenance or restoration of water.
b. To establish standards of the water quality and effluent
c. Polluting industries must seek the permission to discharge the waste into effluent bodies.
d. All of the above
Environment Laws:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CTUOchYZG2k

Environment protection act:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPgBLOZ85Cw

Air act:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Vszm8Pj1uY

Water act
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eNbP0L2Ecoo

Wild life conservation act

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYJOd-QYidc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzaNyNVcAnA

Forest conservation act:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6U_4jX4engM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y1JJMYWyL68