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Emerging Europe &

Byzantine
400-1300
Transforming the Roman world: Germanic tribes dominant
PART 1

political force, Christianity dominant religion.


● First—Visigoths occupied Spain & Italy, and then the
Ostrogoths did (diff Germanic tribe) 500 AD

THESE Germanic Tribes limited powers of Romans.

● Frank Kingdom: only German state that was long lasting; Clovis
is strong military leader who established the kingdom.
Converted to Catholicism and won favor with Rome. When Clovis
died his sons divided 3 areas.
OLD NEW
Roman Law German Law

Crime against another = Court hears Personal; crime against another =


evidence and decides blood feud/revenge

wergild: amount of money paid by


criminal to family of victim.
“Money for man”; new system;
Ordeal: Mrs. G reads p. 304
Role of the church
Pope(head bishop)>>bishop>>>priest>>>>parish.

● Gregory I- 6th century-strengthened world power of pope.


Converted Germanic people, thus increasing power, using
monastic movement.

● Monasteries: houses monks. Abbotts were the head monks. Monks


became new Christian heroes setting examples for Christian
ideals. Also provided schools, hospitals, taught carpentry,
weaving, and farming and provided hospitality for travelers.

● Missionaries or groups of monks travelled and converted


Europeans to Christianity. Nuns also helped.
Carolingian Empire: 768-814 Charles the Great/Charlamagne. Took
over power after Franks lost their power.
Charlemagne became emperor
of Rome joining Roman,
Germanic, and Christian
elements.

Led an intellectual
revival. Wanted all
catholic clergy and govt
officials educated.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSYUgI2
8U2Q
Feudalism: started as a result of weakened powered due to
PART 2

Charlemagne’s death and attacks from outside sources.


After Charlemagne’s death, land divided between his 3 grandsons.

West Frankish lands East Frankish lands. Middle Kingdom

This division weakened the kingdom’s power, making it easy to attack

First by Muslims, then by Magyars, then by Vikings.

Vikings: could attack by river due to the shape of their ships;

French chose to convert the Vikings to Catholicism

and make them part of European civilization.

P. 241--workbook
Development of feudalism: because of the weakened central govt
people were easily attacked by invaders; they started to look for
protection by local,lords instead of the govt.
Vassal: a man who served a lord in a military capacity as
determined by the feudal contract. (Usually 40 Days/year)
Given land (fief) and protection in return for service, which
is known as a fief.

Knights: warriors;
high social status—nobility
Feudal Society: based on fighting/defending & conflict prevention
Nobility: owned large land estates Chivalry: ideal of civilized
that gave them political, economic, behavior; code of ethics.
& social power.
● Defend the church & defenseless
people
● Treat captives as honored
guests (not put them in
dungeons)
● Treat women with tenderness &
respect
● Fight only for glory—not
material rewards

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tExvfDafo30
Part 3 Growth of European kingdoms: domination of nobility was in
conflict with increase in power of monarchs
England in High Middle Ages (1000-1300)

● 1066 William of Normandy invaded England. Ended Anglo-


Saxon rule. Battle of Hastings. England turned French.
● Henry II increased power of monarchy; devised common law
instead of local law; ordered the murder of St. Thomas
Becket- Bishop of Canterbury.
● Magna Carta: King John forced by nobles to recognize
rights of nobles, thus keeping the English monarch from
ever becoming an absolute ruler. Magna Carta led to the
establishment parliament. Nobles formed House of Lords &
townspeople formed House of Commons.
France in the Middle Ages:
One of the 3 sections from Carolingian Empire;
Hugh Capet- King; many dukes more powerful than
King. He only really ruled around Paris or Ile-de-
France.
Phillip II Augustus- 1180-1223 expanded monarch’s
power by taking control of lands.
Holy Roman Empire
Germany: powerful dukes of the Saxons became King’s of the
Eastern Frankish Kingdom (Charlemagne’s Kingdom) came to be
known as Germany. Otto I: in return for offering protection to the
pope, he was crowned emperor of Rome in 962. New Roman
Empire in hands of...Germans? many kings tried to create a
blended German/Italian Empire—unsuccessfully. Pope opposed.
Italians liked their freedom.

Because these German kings were so preoccupied with


expanding the empire, they lost power at home in Germany. Both
Germany and Italy were not able to create national monarchies
during the Middle Ages.
Part 4 Central & Eastern Europe
Slavic Europe:

● German monks had converted the Czechs in Bohemia & the Slavs
in Poland to Christianity. These along with Hungarians
(Magyars) all became part of Roman Catholic Church.

● Southern Slavs of Moravia were converted to orthodox


Christianity by two Byzantine monks (Cyril & Methodius)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qdr7u6IP6sg

● Eastern Slavs of Croatia, Serbia, & Bulgaria converted to


Eastern Orthodoxy also linked to the Byzantine state.
Central & Eastern Europe con’t
Kievan Rus: Eastern Slavic people who
settled in modern day Ukraine and Russia
began to be be dominated by the Vikings.
Natives called Viking rulers “Rus” which
came to be known as Russian. One Viking
leader named Oleg settle in Kiev. This was
the first Russian state and practiced
Eastern Orthodox Christianity.

Mongols invaded Russia in late 1200’s.


They required Russian princes to pay them.
One prince stood out as a great military
leader and was greatly rewarded by the
Mongols: Alexander Nevsky. His
descendants became future leaders of
Moscow and Russia.
Part 5 Byzantine Empire & Crusades
From Eastern Roman Empire (Constantinople) to Byzantine Empire

● 527 Justinian became emperor of Eastern Roman Empire;


during his reign he was able to secure Italy, part of
Spain, North Africa, Asia Minor, Palestine, and
Syria. After Justinian died, however, the lands were
soon lost. Justinian contributed his codification of
Roman Law which simplified legal materials and
produced The Body of Civil Law which was the basis
for much of the legal system of Europe.
Byzantine Empire: both Greek & Christian
Islam overtook much of Justinian’s lands, which led to the crusades. What
was left was Balkans & Asia Minor. This lasted until 1453.
Eastern Orthodox Church (Christian)- emperor is also head of church or the
patriarch

Constantinople: largest city in Europe in Middle Ages.


Palaces, churches, Hippodrome, Hagia Sophia: church of
the holy wisdom.

Macedonian dynasty: led and expanded the Byzantine Empire renewing


trade and prosperity in Constantinople. Eastern Orthodox Church did not
recognize pope as leader of all of Christianity. This lead to a schism or
separation.
The Crusades 11th-12th centuries; expeditions to regain
the holy land from the Muslims.
Byzantine emperor Alexius I asked for help from the Europeans
to fight the Seljuk Turk/Muslims—really started the crusades.

Four factors of Crusaders/Knights

● Religious fervor
● Seeking adventure
● Opportunity to gain wealth/title
● New trading opportunities
Early Crusades: mostly French Later Crusades: 1193 Pope Innocent
warriors captured Antioch in 1098. III initiated 4th crusade after
Holy City taken and inhabitants Saladin’s death. On way to holy
were massacred. Crusaders depended land, also sacked Constantinople
on Italian port cities for making it an easy target for
supplies. Genoa, Pisa, Venice grew Ottoman Turks in 1453.
in riches and power.

2nd crusade was a total failure


1187 Holy City fell to Muslim Greatest impact of the crusades was
forces under Saladin. political. Helped to break down
feudalism which led to stronger
3rd crusade English King Richard central governments. Taxing trade
negotiated with Saladin for with the east left kings with new
permission of Christian pilgrims to wealth. This led to strong nation-
have free access to Jerusalem. States: Portugal, Spain, England,
and France. SO-Crusades led to
nations.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CcGzQ3ga5
R8

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