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Chapter 3
Mass Relationships in Chemical
Reactions
Atomic mass
is the mass of an atom in atomic mass units (amu)
By definition:
1 atom 12C “weighs” 12 amu
6
Natural Abundance
C الوفرة الطبيعية
12.01
8
Chem- Example 3.1 p81
110
The atomic masses of the Copper isotopes,
63 65
Cu (69.09%) &
29 Cu (30.91%)
29
THUS:
one mole of H atoms has 6.022 x 1023 atoms
&
One mole of H2 molecules has 6.022 x 1023 molecules
Solution:
𝒎
𝒏 𝒁𝒏 = ∴ 𝒎 = 𝒏 𝒙 𝑴𝑴
𝑴𝑴
16
Molecular Mass (or molecular weight)
Chem-
110
1S 32.07 amu
2O + 2 x 16.00 amu
SO2 SO2 64.07 amu
Solution:
Molecular Mass CH4= (1x12 .01) + (4x1.008) = 16.04 g/mol
m 25.6 g
n[( NH 2 ) 2 CO ] 0.426 mol
M 60.06 g / mol
N
n[( NH 2 ) 2 CO ]
NA
N nxN A 0.426 mol x6.022 x1023 molecules/mol
N 2.567 x1023 molecules
1 molecule [(NH 2 ) 2 CO ] 4 H atoms
2.567x1023 [(NH 2 ) 2 CO ] molecules ?H atoms
4 atomx2.567x1023 molecule
number of H atoms 1.03 x1024 atoms
1 molecule
19
copyright of chemistry 110 development team 19
Chem- 3.5 Percent Composition of Compounds
110
Percent Composition by Mass
• → The Empirical Formula
• → The Molecular Formula
2 x (12.01 g)
%C = x 100% = 52.14%
46.07 g
C2H6O 6 x (1.008 g)
%H = x 100% = 13.13%
46.07 g
1 x (16.00 g)
%O = x 100% = 34.73%
46.07 g
3.
K1Mn1O4 →
KMnO4
copyright of chemistry 110 development team 25
Chem- Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas
Q: Determine the empirical formula of a compound that has
110 the following percent composition by mass: K 24.75, Mn
34.77, O 40.51 percent.
Solution:
K Mn O
C H O
√
2 Mg atoms + 1O2 molecule makes 2 formula units MgO
2 carbon 1 carbon
multiply CO2 by 2
on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + H2O
6 hydrogen 2 hydrogen
multiply H2O by 3
on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
Strategy:
grams of H2 → moles of H2 → moles of Li→ grams of Li
m( H 2 )
n( H 2 )
M (H 2 )
9.89g
4.920 mol
2.016g/mol
Products
reactants
copyright of chemistry 110 development team 48
Chem-
110
Limiting
reagents
Excess
reagents
2NO + O2 2NO2
Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield
Strategy:
m(Ti) = n x MM
= 1.87x105 mol x 47.88 g/mol = 8.95x106 g