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• What is Hypertension ?
– What’s the most important thing/how’s the pathophysiology?
– What’s the symptom ?
– How to establish the diagnosis ?
– How to manage the patients?
Renin
Renal Sympathetic Vascular
Angiotensin
Sodium Nervous Smooth
Aldosterone
Handling System Muscle
System
Vascular remodeling
JNC 7 - 2003
=JNC 8
JAMA. 2014;311(5):507-520
(JNC 8)
Report From the Panel Members Appointed to
the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)
Dietary Approaches to Stop
Hypertension#
# https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/dash
Report From the Panel Members Appointed to
the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)
Antihypertensive Agents
Sympatholytic Drugs :
1. Diuretics
6. Alpha-1 Blockers
2. Calcium Channel Blockers
(CCB) 7. Alpha-2 Agonists
3. Angiotensin Converting 8. Peripheral vasodilator
Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE-I) 9. Ganglionic Inhibitors
4. Angiotensin Receptor Blockers 10.Adrenergic Neural
(ARB) Terminal Inhibitors
5. Beta Blocker
* Aldosteron Antagonist (included
as diuretic)
Antihypertensive Agents
Therapeutic goals:
To lower the high blood pressure & reduced cardiovascular
morbidity and mortality increase quality of live
+ Loop diuretics
Diuretics: Thiazides
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
Spironolactone ; Amiloride ; Triamterene
Second line anti-hypertensive drugs
Used in combination, or for correction of hypokalemia
Loop of Henle
Furosemide/frusemide [LASIX]; Bumetanide];
Ethacrynic Acid ; Torsemide
Second line anti-hypertensive drugs
Used in Congestive Heart Failure, moderate to
severe oedema
Angiotensin Converting
Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs)
&
Angiotensin Receptor Blocker
(ARB)
ACE Inhibitors
Antihypertensive Mechanisms
Inhibition action of RAS :
Decrease circulating RAS
Inhibit receptors of tissue and vascular RAS
Modulation of sympathetic activity
Decreased formation of endothelin from endothelium
Increased formation of bradykinin and vasodilatory
prostaglandins
Decreased sodium retention (decreased aldosterone secretion,
and/or increased renal blood flow)
ACE Inhibitors ( … pril)
Captopril Moexipril
Enalapril Perindopril
Lisinopril Trandolapril
Benazepril
Fosinopril
Quinapril
Ramipril
Spirapril
ACE Inhibitors: ( … pril)
Side effects
Cough ( 10% of pts who receive this drugs)
Hypotension (first dose effect)
Hyperkalemia
Angioedema
Renal Insufficiency
Fetal injury (2nd & 3rd trimesters)
“High-dose Captopril” Adverse effects
( Neutropenia, Impaired taste, Proteinuria )
ACE Inhibitors ( … pril)
YES: (useful in) No: (avoid in)
Younger patients Black American
Post MI LV dysfunction Renal artery stenosis
Patient with heart failure Fluid-depleted patients
Diabetic patients Pregnancy
Non-diabetic nephropathy Premenopausal women
Metabolic disorders who may become pregnant
(hyperlipidemia, gout)
Angiotensin Receptor
Blockers (ARBs)
Ang II Receptor Blockers (...sartans)
Sartans are selective and competitive antagonists of angiotensin
II type 1 (AT1) receptors and do not inhibit AT2 receptors
Losartan
Valsartan
Irbesartan
Candesartan
Eprosartan
Tasosartan
Telmisartan
Ang II Receptor Blockers (...sartans)
Side effects
Dizziness
Angioedema has been reported rarely
Hyperkalemia, comparable with that seen in patients treated
with ACEIs
Risk of fetal injury and death; should not be use during the
2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy
Risk of symptomatic hypotension in hypovolemic patients
Preload
Ang II
Aldosterone
BP= CO x TPVR
Ca++
Dihydropyridines * Phenylalkylamine
Amlodipine Verapamil
Felodipine
Isradipine Benzothiazepine
Nicardipine Diltiazem
Nimodipine
Nifedipine *
* long-acting or slow-release
formulations should be used
for high blood pressure
Calcium Channel Blockers
Peripheral ↑ ↑ ↑↑
Vasodilation
Heart Rate ↓↓ ↓ ↑
Cardiac ↓↓ ↓ 0/↓
Contractility
SA / AV Nodal ↓ ↓ 0
Conduction
Coronary Blood ↑ ↑ ↑↑
Flow
Calcium Channel Blockers
Side effects
Facial Flushing
Headaches
Non-pitting ankle edema
Constipation
Increased CHD mortality controversy:
1995 vs. 1997-2000 data (SYST-EUR
study)
Calcium Channel Blockers
Preload
Ang II
BP= CO x TPVR b2 a1
Aldosterone
VSMCs
Resistance arterioles Capacitance venules
TPVR
b - Blockers
Beta Blockers
Mechanisms and Sites of Action
______________________________
Cardiovascular Disease
McMahon EG: Current Opinion Pharmacol, 1:190-196, 2001
Aldosterone Antagonists
Indication
Spironolactone [ALDACTON®]
- Hyperaldosteronism
- In severe heart failure (NYHA Class IV), improves
survival and reduces hospitalization (RALES Study)
Adverse effects : Hyperkalemia, Gynecomastia, menstrual irregular
Eplerenone
- Hypertension and post-MI heart failure (EPHESUS study)
- Anti-oxidant effects (?)
- Less adverse effects (gynecomastia)
- More expensive
a1 - Adrenergic Receptors
Blockers=alpha blockers
Afterload
a2 Vasomotor center
Volume
Kidneys Cardiac Output
b1 Heart
Renin
Ang I b1
Preload
Ang II
BP= CO x TPVR a1 a1
Aldosterone a1
a1
Resistance arterioles Capacitance venules
TPVR a1 Receptors
Blockers
a1- Receptor Blockers
Inhibition of Vasoconstriction
Induced by Endogenous
Catecholamines at
Arterioles and Veins
Prazosin
Terazosin
Doxazosin
Tamsulosin [for BPH]
Old drugs
Alpha-1 + Alpha 2 Blockers
Phenoxybenzamine
Phentolamine
a1- Receptor Blockers
Side effects:
First dose hypotension
Dizziness, lethargy, fatigue
Palpitation, syncope
Peripheral edema
Incontinence
ALLHAT study results:
Not to be used as first-line agents
Central a2–Agonists
Afterload
a2 Vasomotor center
Volume
Kidneys Cardiac Output
b1 Heart
Renin
Ang I b1
Preload
Ang II
Aldosterone
BP= CO x TPVR
VSMC
Resistance arterioles Capacitance venules
TPVR Central
a2 Agonists
Central a2–Agonists
Activation of Pre-synaptic
Diminished CNS Alpha-2 Receptors Reduces
Sympathetic Outflow NE & EPI Release at Synapse
Alpha-2 Agonist
Post-synaptic
Rostral
Effector
Ventrolateral
Medulla
Pre-synaptic Neuron
Alpha-1 Receptor
Alpha-2 Receptor Beta Receptor
NE & EPI
Central a2–Agonists
Clonidine
Methyldopa (first choice for hypertension in pregnancy)
Old drugs:
[ Guanfacine]
[ Guanabenz ]
Combination Drugs in Hypertension
Beta-Blocker + Diuretic
Atenolol + Chlorthalidone ( Tenoretic ®)
Bisoprolol + HCTZ ( Ziac™ )
Metoprolol + HCTZ ( Lopressor ® HCT )
Propranolol + HCTZ ( Inderide ®, Inderide ® LA )
Timolol + HCTZ (Timolide ® )
Betaxolol + Chlorthalidone ( Kerledex ® )
Labetalol + HCTZ ( Normozide ®, Trandate ® HCT )
Combination Drugs in Hypertension