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INFLECTION & AFFIXES

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 4 B

GITA RAMADHANI (163221138)


DIAH EKA PRASTIWI (173221037)
YUNI LUKITA SARI (173221038)
TIARA INKA PRATIWI (1732210XX)
TONY PRASETYO UTOMO (1732210XX)
FIA NUR HAKIKI (1732210XX)
INFLECTION

 Morphology divided into two domains :


inflectional and derivational word
Inflectional Morphology
formation. is the study of the
process (such as
 Inflection refers to word formation that
affixation and vowel
does not change category and does not change) that distinguish
the forms of words in
create new lexemes, but rather changes
certain grammatical
the form of lexemes so that they fit into categories.
different grammatical contexts.
TYPES OF INFLECTION

Person Tense

Aspect

Number

Voice

Gender
Mood

Case Modality
1. PERSON

The languages are marked for the inflectional category of person: that
is, verbs exhibit different endings depending on whether the subject of the
sentence is the speaker (first person), the hearer (second person), or someone
else (third person).
2. NUMBER

Number Perhaps the most familiar inflectional category for speakers of


English is number. In English, nouns can be marked as singular or plural:

(1) Singular cat, mouse, ox, child;

(2) Plural cats, mice, oxen, children.


3. GENDER

In languages that have grammatical gender nouns are divided into two or
more classes with which other elements in a sentence – for example, articles and
adjectives – must agree.

Example :

 Feminime : Princess, Lioness, Vixen, Waitress, Witch, Niece, Hen;

 Masculine : Prince, Lion, Fox, Waiter, Wizard, Nephew, Roster, etc.


4. CASE

Case is another grammatical category that may affect nouns (or whole noun
phrases). In languages that employ the inflectional category of case, nouns are
distinguished on the basis of how they are deployed in sentences, for example, whether
they function as subject, direct object, indirect object, as a location, time, or
instrument, or as the object of a preposition.
IN LATIN, FOR EXAMPLE, NOUNS
MUST BE INFLECTED IN ONE OF FIVE
CASES, WITH SINGULAR AND PLURAL
FORMS FOR EACH CASE:
5. TENSE & ASPECT

Tense and aspect are inflectional categories that usually pertain to verbs. Both have to do
with time, but in different ways. Tense refers to the point of time of an event in relation to another
point-generally the point at which the speaker is speaking. In present tense the point in time of
speaking and of the event spoken about are the same. In past tense the time of the event is before
the time of speaking. And in future tense the event time is after the time of speaking. This can be
represented schematically as in (13), where S stands for the time of speaking and E for the time of
the event:
In English, we mark the past tense using the inflectional suffix -ed on verbs (walked,
yawned), but there is no inflectional suffix for future tense. Instead, we use a separate auxiliary
verb will to form the future tense (will walk, will scream). The use of a separate word to form a
tense is called periphrastic marking. Strictly speaking, periphrastic marking is a matter of syntax
rather than morphology. Unlike English, Latin marks both past and future inflectionally, that is,
by means of morphology on the verb:
Aspect is another inflectional category that may be marked on verbs. Rather than

showing the time of an event with respect to the point of speaking, aspect conveys

information about the internal composition of the event or “the way in which the event

occurs in time” (Bhat 1999: 43).


6. VOICE

Voice is a category of inflection that allows different noun phrases to be


focused in sentences. In the active voice in a sentence with an agent and a patient,
the agent is focused by virtue of being the subject of the sentence:

 The cat chased the mouse.

But in the passive voice the patient is the subject of the sentence, and it gets
the focus:

 The mouse was chased (by the cat).


7. MOOD & MODALITY

The inflectional categories of mood and modality have to do with a range of


distinctions that include signaling the kind of speech act in which a verb is deployed.
Speech acts are classically defined as things we can do with words, for example, making a
statement, asking a question, or giving a command. Languages often have three moods:
declarative for making ordinary statements, interrogative for asking questions, imperative for
giving commands. But some languages can have other moods as well, for example,
expressing a speaker’s attitude about a statement, including whether it is necessary,
possible, certain, or sometimes whether it is hearsay and not necessarily true. The now-extinct
language Tonkawa (Coahuiltecan) had eight suffixes signaling different moods/modalities
(Mithun 1999: 171). Mood suffixes are shown in bold:
INFLECTION IN ENGLISH

Why English has so little inflection ?

English lose all this inflection? There are probably two reasons. The first one has to do with the stress system of
English: in Old English, unlike modern English, stress was typically on the first syllable of the word. Ends of words were
less prominent, and therefore tended to be pronounced less distinctly than beginnings of words, so inflectional
suffixes tended not to be emphasized. Over time this led to a weakening of the inflectional system. But this alone
probably wouldn’t have resulted in the nearly complete loss of inflectional marking that is the situation in present
day English; after all, German – a language closely related to English – also shows stress on the initial syllables of
words, and nevertheless has not lost most of its inflection over the centuries. Some scholars attribute the loss of
inflection to language contact in the northern parts of Britain. For some centuries during the Old English period,
northern parts of Britain were occupied by the Danes, who were speakers of Old Norse. Old Norse is closely related
to Old English, with a similar system of four cases, masculine, feminine, and neuter genders, and so on.

THE ACTUAL INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS, HOWEVER, WERE DIFFERENT, ALTHOUGH THE TWO LANGUAGES SHARED A FAIR

NUMBER OF LEXICAL STEMS. FOR EXAMPLE, THE STEM B Ō T MEANT ‘REMEDY’ IN BOTH LANGUAGES, AND THE

NOMINATIVE SINGULAR IN BOTH LANGUAGES WAS THE SAME. BUT THE NOMINATIVE PLURAL IN OLD ENGLISH WAS B Ō
TA AND IN OLD NORSE B Ó TAR.2 THE FORM B Ó TA HAPPENED TO BE THE GENITIVE PLURAL IN OLD NORSE. SOME
SCHOLARS HYPOTHESIZE THAT SPEAKERS OF OLD ENGLISH AND OLD NORSE COULD COMMUNICATE WITH EACH

OTHER TO SOME EXTENT, BUT THE INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS CAUSED CONFUSION, AND THEREFORE CAME TO BE DE-


EMPHASIZED OR DROPPED. ONE PIECE OF EVIDENCE FOR THIS HYPOTHESIS IS THAT INFLECTION APPEARS TO HAVE

BEEN LOST MUCH EARLIER IN THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITAIN WHERE OLD NORSE SPEAKERS COHABITED WITH OLD
ENGLISH SPEAKERS, THAN IN THE SOUTHERN PARTS OF BRITAIN, WHICH WERE NOT EXPOSED TO OLD NORSE.
INFLECTIONAL LOSS SPREAD FROM NORTH TO SOUTH, UNTIL ALL PARTS OF BRITAIN WERE EVENTUALLY EQUALLY POOR

IN INFLECTION.

(O’Neil 1980; Fennell 2001: 128–9)


PARADIGMS

Languages anlaysis that considers the word as the most important unit in grammar.

Done by correlating words in a language proporsionally by taking into account the


words in the paradigm so that this methode can be known wether between words can
be correlated or there is aquivalence in all three aspects : aspect of meaning, form,
valency syntax.
INFLECTION & PRODUCTIVITY

One of the differences between Derivational Morphem and Inflectional


Morphem is Inflectional Morphem more productive. This means that if we take a
derivationalsuffix which usually which usually occurs
INFLECTION VS DERIVATION

We have now looked in some detail both at inflection and at derivation (or
lexeme formation, more generally). Remember that we distinguished the two sorts of
morphology in the following ways:
AFFIXES

What is Affixes?

An Affix is a morpheme that is attached before, after, or within to a word stem to form a new word.
TYPES OF AFFIXES

1. Prefix
The prefix un- attaches to adjectives (where it means ‘not’) and to verbs
(where it means ‘reverse action’), but not to nouns:
a. un- on adjectives: unhappy, uncommon, unkind, unserious
b. un- on verbs: untie, untwist, undress, unsnap
c. un- on nouns: *unchair, *unidea, *ungiraffe
2. Suffix

A suffix is an affix that is attached to the end of a root or stem.

Ex: the plural formatives, -s, -en, -ing, -d, -er, -est, and –less, -ment, -ion, etc.

The suffix -ness attaches to nouns, as the examples in show, but not to verbs or
adjectives

a. -ness on adjectives: redness, happiness, wholeness, commonness, niceness;

b. -ness on nouns: *chairness, *ideaness, *giraffeness;

c. -ness on verbs: *runness, *wiggleness, *yawnness.


3. Infix
An infix is an affix that is inserted within a root or stem. It is added in the base form of a word
to create a new word or intensify meaning.
Example:
 In Philippines (Tagalog)
- buli root, ‘buy’
- um- infix, ‘agentive’
- Bumili ‘ bought’
 In Indonesian:
- Cerlang ‘luminous’, cemerlang ‘ brilliant’.
4. Circumfixes

Consists of two parts- a prefix and a suffix that together create a new word. The prefix and suffix
are not considered as separate.

Ex: In Dutch berg ‘mountain’ ge-berg-te ‘mountain chain’.

5. Simulfix

A simulfix is a change or replacement of vowels or consonants (usually vowels) which changes the
meaning of a word:

Ex: eat ate, tooth  teeth etc.


ROOT, STEM, BASE

 Root: A root is the irreducible core of a word, with absolutely nothing else attached to it.

Ex: jump- jumps, jumping, jumped. Here, jump is the root.

 Stem: the stem is that part of a word that exists before the addition of any inflectional morpheme.

Ex: worker workers, shift shifted

 Base: Base is any unit of a word where any kind of affixes can be added. It could be both inflectional or
derivational.

Ex: boy  boys, boy  boyish, boy  boyhood

The bottom-line: All roots are bases, bases are called stem in context of inflectional morphology
THANK YOU

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