CALCULUS I

MUG1A4
S1-Telecommunication Engineering
School of Electrical Engineering
Telkom University

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• FUNCTION

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 OUTCOMES
• DETERMINE DOMAIN AND RANGE FUNCTION FROM R  R
• DRAW GRAPH LINEAR FUNCTION AND QUADRATIC
FUNCTION
• DISTINGUISH ODD FUNCTION AND EVEN FUNCTION
• USE SHIFTING FOR DRAW GRAPH FUNCTION
• DETERMINE COMPOSITE FUNCTION
• DETERMINE DOMAIN AND RANGE COMPOSITE FUNCTION
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2.1 FUNCTION AND GRAPH

DEFINITION : A function f is a rule of correspondence that associates
with each object, x   , in one set (domain), to a single
value, f(x)   , from a second set (range).

Notation : f : R  R
x  y  f (x)

x is called independent variable, y is dependent variable

Example:
1. f ( x)  x 2  2 x  4
2. f ( x)  1  x
3. f ( x)  x 2 ,2  x  3

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R R R R
f f

f is a FUNCTION f is not a FUNCTION

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DOMAIN from f(x), (notation Df), is written as follow:

Df  {x  R | f ( x)  R}

RANGE from f(x), (notation Rf), is written as follow:

Rf  { f ( x)  R | x  D f }
R R
f

Df Rf

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Example FIND DOMAIN AND RANGE FROM

1. f ( x)  x 2  2 x  4
2. f ( x)  1  x
Answer :

1. BECAUSE OF FUNCTION f(x) IS ALWAYS DEFINE FOR EACH x, SO

D f  {x  R}  (, )
f ( x)  x 2  2 x  4  ( x  1) 2  3 R f  [3, )

0
2. D f  {x  R | x  0}  [0, )

BECAUSE OF x  0 for x  0 f ( x)  1  x  1

R f  [1, )
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GRAPH OF FUNCTIONS
If y = f(x), is a set of one-to-one mapping Example
from x to y as follow: Draw the GRAPH y = x + 1
Intercept to x-axis:
{( x, y ) | x  D f , y  R f }
y=0 x = -1 (-1,0)
We called GRAPH of FUNCTION f
Intercept to y-axis:
GRAPH of FUNCTION x=0 y=1 (0,1)

a. LINEAR FUNCTION y=x+1

f ( x)  ax  b
1
THE GRAPH is a straight line.
HOW TO DRAW : find intercept -1
between x-axis and y-axis.

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b. QUADRATIC FUNCTION
f ( x)  ax 2  bx  c
THE GRAPH is a parabolic curve. D  b 2  4ac
x b
2a If

D
4a

a>0, D>0 a>0, D=0 a>0, D<0

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a<0, D>0 a<0, D=0 a<0, D<0

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DRAW GRAPH FUNCTION

WITH SHIFTING

• If GRAPH FUNCTION of y = f(x), we have:

• GRAPH y=f(x-h)+k cab be found by shifting the graph y = f(x)

(i) h unit to the right if h is positive & k unit upward if k is positive;
• GRAPH y=f(x+h)-k diperoleh WITH HOW TO menggeser GRAPH y = f(x)
(ii) h unit to the left if h is negative & k unit downward if k is negative.

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EXAMPLE: SHIFTING
1. Draw the GRAPH FUNCTION
f x   x 2  4 x  5
 
 x 2  4x  4  4  5
y  x2 4
y  x  2
2

 x  2  1
2

y  x  2
2

2
 y  x2
This curve is shifted 2 unit to the right.

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Then, y   x  2 is shifted 1unit upward.

2

Now, we have y   x  2  1 VOILA!

2

y  x  2   1
2

y  x  2 
2

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c. PIECEWISE-DEFINE FUNCTIONS

General forms:

 g1 ( x)
 .

f ( x)  
 .
 g n ( x)

Example: Draw the GRAPH of the function bellow:

 x2 , x  0

f ( x)   x , 0  x  1
2  x 2 , x  1


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FOR x 0 FOR 0<x<1 FOR x 1

f ( x)  x 2
f(x)=x f ( x)  2  x 2
GRAPH: parabolic GRAPH: straight line GRAPH: parabolic

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2.2 FUNCTION TYPES

1. POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

f ( x )  a0  a1x  a2 x 2 ... an x n
FUNCTION OF PLYNOMIAL IS DEFINED FOR ANY x  

2. RATIONAL FUNCTION
p(x )
f (x) 
q (x )
WITH p(x) AND q(x) IS POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION, AND q(x) ≠0.
Rational function is well-defined for any x   except at q(x) is ZERO.
Example
x2 1
f ( x)  2 is defined everywhere, except at x = 2, and x = -2
x 4
D f  R  {2,2}
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3. EVEN FUNCTION AND ODD FUNCTION

DEFINITION 1: FUNCTION f IS CALLED ODD FUNCTION If f(-x) = - f(x)
GRAPH of ODD FUNCTION is symmetrical to origin (0,0)

Example: f ( x)  x 3 is odd function because of

f (  x)  (  x) 3   x 3   f ( x)
DEFINITION 2: FUNCTION f IS CALLED ODD FUNCTION If f(-x) = f(x)
GRAPH of ODD FUNCTION is symmetrical to y-axis

Example: f ( x)  x 2 is even function because of

f (  x)  (  x) 2  x 2  f ( x)

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4. PERIODIC FUNCTION
FUNCTION f(x) IS CALLED PERIODIC WITH PERIOD IS p If f(x+p) = f(x).
Example:

f(x) = sin(x) is a periodic FUNCTION with period is 2п BECAUSE OF

f(x+2п) = sin(x+2п) = sin(x) cos(2п) + cos(x) sin2п)
= sin(x) = f(x)

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5. FUNCTION OF THE BIGGEST INTEGER
f ( x)  || x ||
is the biggest integer value which smaller or equal to x.

Other notation: f ( x)  x

Example :
||5,9|| = 5 , ||-2,6|| = -3 ,||-0,9|| = -1
,
||1||=
1

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2.3 OPERASI FUNCTION

A. Operasi aljabar
• DEFINITION: IF FUNCTION f(x) AND g(x) HAVE DOMAIN Df
AND Dg RESPECTIVELY, THEN

• ( f  g )( x)  f ( x)  g ( x) , D f  g  D f  D g

• ( f .g )( x)  f ( x). g ( x) , D f . g  D f  Dg

• ( f )( x)  f ( x)
, g ( x)  0 , D f / g  D f  Dg  {x | g ( x)  0}
g g ( x)

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B. COMPOSITE FUNCTION

DEFINITION: COMPOSITE OF A FUNCTION f(x) TO g(x) IS

DEFINED BY ( f  g )( x)  f ( g ( x))
Composite function f o g is defined iff:

Rg  D f  
R R R
g f

Df

D Rg Rf
g

f○g

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COMPOSITE FUNCTION PROPERTY

• foggof.

D f  g  {x  Dg | g ( x)  D f }

R f  g  { y  R f | y  f (t ) , t  Rg }

Example:
If f ( x)  x and g ( x)  x 2  1
Find the composite function (if there’s any solutions) of f  g and D f  g , R f  g

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Answer :

f ( x)  x D f  0,   , R f  0,  

g ( x)  x 2  1 Dg  R , Rg   1,  

BECAUSE OF
Rg  D f   1,    0,    0,    
So f o g is defined, and now we have

( f  g )( x)  f ( g ( x))  f ( x 2  1)  x 2  1

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D f  g  x  Dg | g ( x)  D f   x  R | x 2  1  0, 

 
 x  R | x 2  1  0  x  R | ( x  1)( x  1)  0

 (,1]  [1, ).

R f  g  y  R f | y  f (t ) , t  Rg 

 
 y  0 | y  t , t  1  [0, ).

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Gracias

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