EARLY BEGINNINGS OF

BIOTECH AND THE EXPANSION

Early Beginnings
of Biotech
■ People generally think of
biotech as being a new
phenomenon. However,
biotech was already
discovered many years ago.
Biotechnology is used to
alter living organisms for
human use. In the olden
times, humans survived by
hunting, gathering fruits and
seeds to plant in
environment.
Early Beginnings
of Biotech
■ Groups of hunters-gatherers
transitioned to a settled
lifestyle as humans found
that they could contain and
manipulate edible plants
and animals, creating more
reliable food supplies. This
was the beginning of
Biotechnology.
Early Beginnings
of Biotech
■ As simple as it may sound,
the selection of the very best
plants and the saving of
seeds from those plants was
the genesis of plant
breeding and crop
production. Humans also
began to notice that some
animals were more
adaptable to domestication
than others. These animals
were tamed, then many
used their body parts for
products like sinews and the
boiling of hooves for glue.
Expansion of Biotech

■ Once humans could produce more food to live in

one area, they had more time to develop labor-
saving devices in order to store food and other
needs. Others who didn’t have a job, they
concentrated in making and developing other
technologies, gathering and recording
knowledge, and producing specialty goods. Early
agriculture supported in the development of
villages and cities—civilization it self.
Expansion of Biotech

■ As they develop, they grew and sold plants and

animals and thus it became profitable. The
Barter System has been implemented during
that time. In Bartering, they may trade animal
skins or jewelries to get what they need in
surviving. This system led a big improvement
which is now known as currency. Additionally,
excess food that did not get sold is being stored
if it had a big lifespan.
 Questions:
1. It is where humans hunt, gather fruits, and plant
seeds in it in order to survive.
A. Environment B. Community C. Forest D. Farm
2. What is the use of biotechnology in the olden times?
A. to alter living organisms for human use
B. to alter and transfer genes to a living organisms for
human use
C. for better farming
D. All of the Above
3. In the _______ System, they may trade animal skins
or jewelries to get what they need in surviving.
A. Dewey C. Hunting
B. Barter D. Planting
 Questions:
4. The selection of the very best plants and the saving
of seeds from those plants was the genesis of _______
and crop production.
A. Plant Produce B. Crop Selling
C. Plant Breeding D. Crop Raising
5. What is domestication?
A. It is the taming and keeping of adaptable animals
for products.
B. Killing of non-adaptable animals.
C. Keeping of aggressive animals.
D. Ignoring animals and raising more superior plants.
REPRODUcTION
■ Artificial Insemination
-the medical or veterinary procedure of injecting semen
into the vagina or uterus.
- Animal agriculture received a great boost when this
technology was perfected.
■ Embryo transfer
-refers to a step in the process og assisted reproduction
in which embryos are placed into the uterus of a female
with the intent to establish a pregnancy
■ Genetic Code
-the set of rules by which information encoded in
genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences) is
translated into proteins (amino acid sequences) by
living cells.
-The portion of the genome that codes for a protein
or an RNA is referred to as a gene
■ Vertical Gene Transfer
- The transfer of genetic material is from parents
to offspring.
- May be through sexual or asexual reproduction.
■ Horizontal Gene Transfer
-the movement of genetic material from donor
organism to a recipient organism that is not its
offspring
■ Nucleic Acid Double Helix
-refers to the structure formed by double-stranded
molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA.
-The double helical structure of a nucleic acid
complex arises as a consequence of its secondary
structure, and is a fundamental component in
determining its tertiary structure.
-GENETIC ENGINEERS
-During this time, scientist discovered how to transfer
bits of genetic information from one organisms to
another, allowing the expression of desirable traits in
the recipient organism in a process known as genetic
engineering.
-Transferring genetic material between cells via
process of horizontal gene transfer.
-GENE SPLICING
-Removing a gene from one organisms and
successfully transplant it into another.
QUESTIONS:

■ This led to the development of miracle drugs that have had

a dramatic effect on bacterial diseases.
a. Discovery of penicillim b. artificial insemination
c. embryo transfer d. none of the above
■ Embryo transfer became widespread in what year?
a. 1980 b. 1990 c. 1970 d. 1900
QUESTIONS:

■ 1st semen could be kept alive for only ______

a. 2-3 days b. 2-4 days c. 3 days d. none of the above
■ Animal agriculture received a great boost when the technology of
___________ was perfected
a. Embryo transfer b. gene transfer c. vertical gene transfer d. artificial
insemination
■ It allowed to use of superior females to produce multiple offspring
a. Genetic coding b. genetic engineering c. embryo transfer
d. discovery of penicillin
 Mystery solved: the source of a boll
weevil outbreak
■ In late summer of 2007, Texa’s cotton growers were alarmed because hundred of
boll weevils were turning up in their fields.
■ BOLL WEEVIL is a beetle wich feeds on cotton buds and flowers
■ BOLL WEEVILS are primarily pollen feeders tht can be sustained by pollen when
cotton is unavailable
■ lAgricultural Research Service scientists were able to track down the likely
origims of the reinfestation, with the help of some entomologists.
ENTOMOLOGY is a branch of zoology which is the scientific study insects
(including the atudy of terrestrial animals in other athropod group of other phyla)
■ Thomas Sappinton (entomologist) is the entomolgist in the Corn Insects and Crop
Genetics Units in Ames, Iowa
Boll weevil
More notes:

■ Arthropod is an invertebrated animal having an exoskeleton, a

segmented body and paired jointed appe Xxndages
■ MICROSATELLITE LOCI – microsatellite is a tract of repetitive DNA in
which certain DNA in which certain DNA motifs, are repeated 5-50x’s.
loci is a
■ specific, fixed, position on a chromosme where a particular gene or
genetic marker is located.
■ Winter garden district is where boll weevils that attacked South Rolling
Plains came from.
■ HYSPLIT- Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory M O D
EL
■ Journal of the royal sci interface is a monthoy viewed scientific journal
covering the interface between phy-aci and life-sci
Mystery Solved: Detecting the Source of a Boll Weevil
Outbreak

1. What caused the cotton growers of the Texas’s Southern Rolling Plains to be
alarmed?
hundred of boll weevils were turning up in their fields.

2. Who was the ARS entomologist in the Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Unit in
Ames, Iowa?
Thomas Sappinton
3. Who was the meteorologist in Texas who uses modeling techniques and weather
data to analyze the wind patter on insect movement? (particularly on boll weevils)
lAgricultural Research Service
4. How many hours does the cotton pollen stay on the body of the boll weevil?
24 hours
5. What is the name of the DNA stretches which can show collective patterns unique to
each weevil population?
athropod
DISEASE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
PENNICILIUM MOLD

 Extracts from the PENNICILIUM MOLD

were developed into the first
ANTIBIOTIC called penicillin
LOUIS PASTEUR
 One of the biggest achievements occurred when a
FRENCH scientist named Louis Pasteur developed a
means of preventing animals from contracting
diseases.
 He discovered that by injecting the blood from SHEEP
that had contracted and survived the deadly disease
of anthrax into healthy sheep, this disease could be
prevented in the healthy animals.
ALEXANDER FLEMING
 In the late 1920s, the SCOTTISH scientist Alexander
Fleming was studying bacteria when one of his
culture plates became contaminated with a mold
called PENICILLIUM
 He realized that the mold must be releasing
substance that inhibited the growth of bacteria
GERMS
 The health and well-being of both
animals and humans were greatly
improved in the latter part of the
nineteenth century with the discovery
that GERMS cause diseases.
1. Who is the first scientist who developed a means of preventing
animals from contracting disease?
A. Marie Curie B. Louis Pasteur C. Blaise Pascal D. Pierre Curry

2. What is the first antibiotic that was developed from the extracts
of Penicillium mold?
A. Penicillin B. Amoxicillin C. Doxycycline D. Metronidazole.
3. What causes diseases?(the general term)
A. Microorganism B. Bacteria C. Germs D. Virus
4. What is the deadly disease that is found into healthy sheeps?
A. Polioencephalomalacia B. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Poisoning
C. Ovine Brucellosis D.Antharax
5. The _____ must be releasing a substance that inhibited the growth of bacteria
A. Virus B. Mold C. Antibiotic D. Penicillin
THE SCIENCE OF GENETICS

■ For several thousands of years, humans gathered seed to plant so they could grow
crops they found in the wild.
■ Slowly, they began to notice different types of plants and animals could be bred to
produce offspring that were superior to their parents.
CONTINUATION

■ They may have noticed that a slightly different type of wheat grew in another area
could be crossed with the wheat they were growing to produce a hybrid strain of
wheat.
■ This was the beginning of plant breeding.
■ A hybrid strain is a type of plant or animal that results from the crossing or mating of
parents that are different.
Heredity

■ In the mid-1800’s, an Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel developed a theory of

HEREDITY, or how characteristics or traits are transmitted from parents to offspring.
Law of segregation

■ This understanding led to breeding research and programs which in turn led to the
development of his law of segregation,which states that each parents provides one
of the two forms of agene for each particular trait
Law of Independent Assortment

■ States that genes for certain characteristics are

passed from parents to the next generation and are
separate rom the other factors or genes that
transmit other traits
Penicillium

■ In late 1920’s, the Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming was studying bacteria when
one of his culture plates became contaminated with a mold called PENICILLIUM
Penicillin

■ Extracts from the penicillium mold were developed into the first antibiotic called
penicillin
1. What is a type of plant or animal that results from the crossing or mating of parents that are different?
2. What theory is how characteristics or traits are transmitted from parents to offsprings?
3. Thru the observation of many generations of plants, what understanding did Mendel develop?
4. What law states that each parent provides one of the 2 forms of a gene for each particular trait?
5. What law states that genes for certain characteristics are passed from parents to the next generation
and are separate from the other factors or genes that transmit other traits?

Answers:
1. HYBRID STRAIN
2.THEORY OF HEREDITY
3. INHERITANCE IN PEA PLANTS
4. LAW OF SEGREGATION
5. LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
BREAD MAKING
EARLY CIVILIZATION
BREAD MAKING
GRASS SEEDS
FLOUR
BAD BREAD
YEAST
GOOD BREAD
As more and more tiny air cells fill with carbon
dioxide, the dough rises and we're on the way to
leavened bread. Yeast cells thrive on simple sugars.
As the sugars are metabolized, carbon dioxide and
alcohol are released into the bread
dough, making it rise.Scott Phillips.
QUESTIONS
1 . Wheat produce an abundance of seed that can be ground into a powder called ______.
a. flour c.tumeric
b. mahalep d. nutmeg
2. The early type of biotechnology of bread making began in _______.
a. Mid-80’s c. Early civilization
b. 16th century d. 18th century
3. By placing certain types of yeast into the mix of the bread it will _______.
a. Get big c. Rise
b. Fall d. Get small
4. Over a period of hundreds of years, humans have developed technologies and processes that created
many types of bread, and each of these new developments involved _______.
a. Biotechnology c. Different shapes and taste
b. Inventions d. Flour
5. The early humans noticed that many grass seeds are good to _______.
a. Cook c. Eat
b. Bake d. The taste
FOOD PRESERVATION:
■ As trading systems expanded, people started to travel with their goods to distant
places, bringing back goods from other people (barter system). Since travelling in
distant places necessitated in storing food for the journey, people began to look for
many ways to preserve food.
■ There was a legend of a man in the middle east who travelled across the dessert
with milk stored in the stomach of a calf. Although the man did not understand the
process or even know what made the milk coagulate, a form of biotechnology was
used. We now know than an enzyme in the stomach of the calf caused rennin
started the process of coagulation that formed cheese
■ One of the first methods was the storage of fruit juice, such as grape juice. They
noticed that as the juice began to spoil a change occurred in the juice.
■ This process later became known as fermentation.
■ Someone discovered that adding yeast to the milk would cause bread to rise into
light, fluffy loaves
1st question

1. An __ in the stomach of the calf started the

process of coagulation that formed cheese.

a. rennin
b. milk
c. enzyme
d. liquid
2nd question

2. One of the first methods of storing food is

the storage of fruit juice, such as __ juice.
a. orange
b. grape
c. apple
d. mango
3rd question

3. It is the process in which an organism

converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or a
sugar, into an alcohol or an acid.
a. fermentation
b. coagulation
c. sloshing
d. preservation
4th question

4. It is the action or process of a liquid

changing to a solid or semi-solid state.
a. fermentation
b. coagulation
c. sloshing
d. preservation
5th question

5. Someone discovered that adding __ to the mix

would cause bread to rise into light, fluffy loaves.

a. wheat
b. yeasts
c. molds
d. flour
 GENETIC ENGINEERING
■ the discoveries by Watson and Crick were monumental to figure out how genetics
work
■ 1980s- the real application for the knowledge and process was put to use
■ Genetic engineering is transferring bits of genetic information from one organism to
another, allowing the expression of desirable trait in the recipient organism
■ Many microbes are also natural “genetic engineers”
■ Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genetic material between cells.
 GENETIC ENGINEERING
■ The original concept of gene transfer has been adapted to
include the transfer of genetic material from organism and
to another organism through natural processes and
biotechnology.
■ Through gene splicing, humans were actually able to
remove a gene from one organism and successfully
transplant it into another.
 GENETIC ENGINEERING
■ The term genetic engineering has become synonymous to
biotechnology.
■ Genetic engineering is a very large part of biotechnology;
however, many new technologies and breakthroughs in the
use of living organisms do not rely on genetic engineering.
QUESTIONS

■ 1. During the _______ scientists discovered how to transfer bits of genetic

information from one organism to another.
A. 1960s B. 1990s C. 1970s D. 1980s
■ 2. The transfer of genetic materials between cells through the process of
________.
A. Vertical Gene Transfer C. Gene Splicing
B. Horizontal Gene Transfer D. Mitosis
QUESTIONS

■ 3. Through _____________, humans were actually able to remove a gene from one
organism and successfully transplant it into another.
A. Vertical Gene Transfer
B. Genetic Engineering
C. Genetic Transfer
D. Gene Splicing
QUESTIONS

■ 4. the discoveries by ______and _______ were monumental to figure out how

genetics work
A. Mendel and Hooke
B. Watson and Hooke
C. Watson and Crick
D. Mendel and Crick
QUESTIONS

■ 5. Many ______ are also natural “genetic engineers”

A. Organisms B. Microbes C. Gene D. Cells
■ 6. _____________ is transferring bits of genetic information from one organism to
another, allowing the expression of desirable trait in the recipient organism
A. Genetic Engineering
B. Genetics
C. Gene Transfer
D. Gene Splicing