Two Measurement Porosity

Crossplots

• Two measurements determine two unknowns

– Formations with one lithology
• Lithology
• Porosity
– Formations of two known constituents
• Can determine a more accurate value of porosity
• Can determine the percentage of each mineral
– Complex lithologies
• Can determine a more accurate value of porosity
• Cannot determine percentage mineral makeup
 Common Porosity Crossplots

• Neutron-Density

• Sonic-Neutron
• Sonic-Density

• All have disturbing effects

– Shaliness
– Hydrocarbons (gas)
– Fractures
 Neutron-Density Crossplots

• Most frequently used

• Developed for clean, liquid-saturated

formations

• Boreholes filled with water or water-

based muds

• Several charts, depending on tools

– CP-1’s Schlumberger
– CNT-K-1’s and DSN-II-1’s Halliburton
 Neutron-Density 1.9

Crossplots 2.0 Sulfur

Salt
2.1
•

Bulk density (Mg/m3 or g/cc)

Trona
Axes
2.2
– Neutron limestone
2.3
– Density
f = 30
• NE-SW litho lines 2.4
– Sandstone 2.5
f = 20
– Limestone 2.6
– Dolomite 2.7
• NW-SE porosity lines Langbeinite
f = 10
Polyhalite
2.8
– Connect equal
porosity points 2.9
– Nearly parallel 3.0
0 10 20 30 40
Apparent neutron porosity (lspu)
Chart based on... 1.9
POR-12/13 Neutron 2.0 Sulfur
Salt
POR-10 Density 2.1

Bulk density (Mg/m3 or g/cc)

Trona

2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
Polyhalite
Langbeinite
2.8
2.9
3.0
0 10 20 30 40
Apparent neutron porosity (lspu)
 1.9
2.0 Sulfur
Salt
Trona
2.1

Bulk density (Mg/m3 or g/cc)

• Parallel litho lines 2.2

– Constant 2.3
separation 2.4
– Distinct 2.5
position
2.6
• Log presentation
2.7
Polyhalite
Langbeinite
2.8
2.9
3.0
0 10 20 30 40
Apparent neutron porosity (lspu)
 0
Density-Neutron |
|
Presentation 2.7
f=12 ls
• Parallel litho lines
– Constant f=30 ls
separation
– Distinct position f=12 ss rb =2.45; fn = 9

– Log presentation
• Limestone scaling
f=30 ss rb =2.15; fn = 27

– Neutron 45 to -15
lspu f=12 dl rb =2.67; fn = 15

– Density 1.95 to
2.95 gr/cc f=30 dl rb =2.33; fn = 33

• Other scalings possible

Example Log - DN Plot Well “X”
Well “X” DN Plot (Excel)
Density-Neutron Response

Qtz Calcite Dolomite

GR < 30 & ILD < 1 GR > 80 GR < 30 & ILD > 1

1.9

2.1

2.2
Bulk density, g/cc

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

3
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Ne utron Porosity, lime stone

 Gas Effect
Well “A”
• Zone
A
– A: 0 - 20
B
– B: 20 - 55
– C: 55 - 335
– D: 335 - 350
• A
– Density = 2.95
– Neutron = -2
C
• B, D
• C
– D-N litho scaling
– GWC @ 290 m.
– D-N near overlay
below
D
 Gas
Effect
Well “A”
C

A
 Density-Neutron Other Comments
• Density log may be displayed as porosity

– Density-Neutron overlay for water-filled

lithology

– Curve order as with gr/cc scaling

• Shale/Gas effects

– Across litho lines: Lithology most affected

– Along porosity lines: Porosity least affected

• Response lines change with tool type

 Sonic-Neutron Crossplots

• Developed for clean, liquid-saturated

formations

• Boreholes filled with water or water-

base muds
 Sonic-Neutron Plots
110
Time average

• Similar layout to 100

Field observation

density-neutron
•

t, Sonic transit time (ms/ft)

Two lines - two 90
porosity models
– Wylie time 80
Syivite
average
70
– Raymer-Hunt Trona

• Charts 60
– CP-2’s (S)
50
– CNT-K-2’s (H)
40
0 10 20 30 40
Apparent neutron porosity (lspu)
 Sonic-Neutron Plots
• Shale - NE region
110
Time average
Field observation
100
• Fracs - South

t, Sonic transit time (ms/ft)

90
• Gas - NW
80
Syivite

70
Trona

60

50

40
0 10 20 30 40
Apparent neutron porosity (lspu)
 Sonic-Neutron (CNL), Fresh Mud
Well “X” Quartz Calcite Dolomite GR < 30 GR > 80

S-N Plot with GR 120

110

• Shaliness 100

• Optimistic porosity

Sonic slowness, ms/ft

• Lithology OK 90

• HC effect slight 80

70

60

50

40
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Neutron, apparent LS pu
 Sonic-Density Crossplots
Density-Sonic Response

• Poor lithology Qtz

Field Lines Only
Calcite Dolomite
and porosity 2

2.1

• Useful for 2.2

– Vsh
2.3

2.4
– Evaporites Density
2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

3
40 60 80 100
Sonic DT
 Well “X” Sonic-Density
Density-Sonic Response
Qtz Calcite Dolomite GR < 30 GR > 90
• Clean points cover
40 60 80 100
all lines 2

• Shale point distinct 2.1

2.2

2.3

Density
2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

Sonic DT
 Sonic-Density Vsh
Density-Sonic Response

•
Qtz Calcite Dolomite GR < 30 GR > 90
Locate shale and
clean 40 60 80 100

•
2
Grid to give Vsh
2.1

2.2 Vsh = 0
2.3

Density
2.4

2.5
Vsh = 1
2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

Sonic DT
 Three Measurement Crossplots

• Used when three porosity logging tools have

been run
• For lithology only
• Three types
– Density-Neutron-Sonic (M-N plot)
– Density-Neutron-Sonic (MID plot)
– Density-Neutron-Pe (Umaa - rmaa plot)
 MID Plots 1.9
Principle 2.0

• Litho lines 2.1

Bulk density (Mg/m3 or g/cc)

– Three of many 2.2
– Each line diff litho 2.3
rb= 2.30, fn = 21
• Line definition 2.4

– Use endpoint 2.5

location
2.6
– Value of rb for f = 0
2.7 rmaa= 2.68
– Called rmaa
• Example 2.8

Logs show rb= 2.30, 2.9

fn = 21
3.0
rmaa = 2.68 0 10 20 30 40
Apparent neutron porosity (lspu)
 110
MID Plots
Field observation
Principle 100

• Litho lines 90

t, Sonic transit time (ms/ft)

– Similar to D-N
80
Dt = 78, fn = 21
• Line definition Syivite

– Use endpoint 70
Trona
location
– Value of Dt for f = 0 60

– Called Dtmaa
Dtmaa= 53
50
• Example
Logs show Dt = 78,
40
fn = 21 0 10 20 30 40
Dtmaa = 53 Apparent neutron porosity (lspu)
 MID Plots
Principle

• Three litho points

• Example
 rmaa = 2.68

rmaa
quartz
 Dtmaa = 53
calcite
– 50% quartz, 50%
calcite
dolomite

Dtmaa
 Calculating Δtmaa and rmaa

At each depth: Dt, rb, and fn

1. Obtain fDN and fSN from crossplots

2. Calculate rmaa = (rb - fDNrfl)/(1 - fDN)

3. Calculate Dtmaa = Dt - (fSNDt)/0.7

0.7 factor may vary somewhat
 Quick Look Method
(Crossplots Density-Resistivity)

• To determine water saturation

• This crossplot will obtaine constan
water resistivity line, where water
zone which located below the oil zone
will have Sw = 100%
 Crossplots Procedure
• Plot the value of ρb versus Rt result from clean
water bearing zone.
• From the point of ρma (sandstone = 2,65 gr/cc)
interpolated line through point of salt water, this
line is Sw = 100 % or water line.
• Determine Rw :
2
S w .Rt
Rw 
F
Where
0.62 r ma - r b
F  2.15 fD 
f r ma - r j
 Crossplots Procedure (Cont.)
• Determine the value of Rt for Sw = 90%

F .Rw F .Rw
Sw 
2 Rt 
Rt 0.9
2

• From the point of Rt value (ordinate) then make

projection to the left intercepted the ρb through
the line of Sw = 100%.
• Through these intercept point, then make the
line correspond to point of ρma = 2.65 gr/cc, this
is the line for value of Sw = 90%.
• With the same procedure as above then make
the line for others value of Sw.
 Crossplots Procedure (Cont.)

• Make the tabulation, then plot relation between Sw

versus Rt

Sw (%) Ρb (gr/cc) Rw (ohm-m) Rt (ohm-m)

100%

10%

PLOT
 Summary

• Porosity Crossplots
– Several versions
– Identify lithology and porosity
– DN plot used in log presentation
• Lithology crossplots
– Lithology only
– Several versions
• MID plot
• MN plot
• Umaa - rmaa plot