Workshop: Using Visualization

in Teaching Introductory E&M

AAPT National Summer Meeting, Edmonton, Alberta,

Canada.
Organizers: John Belcher, Peter Dourmashkin,
Carolann Koleci, Sahana Murthy

P22- 1
Faraday’s Law Presentation
Materials

P22- 2
 MIT Class:
Faraday’s Law

P22- 3
 Faraday’s Law

Fourth (Final) Maxwell’s Equation

Underpinning of Much Technology

P22-
Demonstration:
Falling Magnet

P22- 5
 Magnet Falling Through a Ring

Falling magnet slows as it approaches a copper

ring which has been immersed in liquid
nitrogen. P22-
Demonstration:
Jumping Rings

P22-
 Jumping Ring

An aluminum ring jumps into the air when the

solenoid beneath it is energized
P22-
 What is Going On?

It looks as though the conducting loops have

current in them (they behave like magnetic
dipoles) even though they aren’t hooked up
P22-
Faraday’s Law Applets
Discovery

P22-
Faraday’s Law Applets
Discovery Activity

P22-
Demonstration:
Induction

P22-
Electromagnetic Induction

P22-
Faraday’s Law of Induction

dB
 
dt
A changing magnetic flux
induces an EMF

P22-
 What is EMF?

   E  ds
Looks like potential. It’s a
“driving force” for current

P22-
Faraday’s Law of Induction

dB
   E  ds  
dt
A changing magnetic flux induces
an EMF, a curling E field

P22-
Magnetic Flux Thru Wire Loop
Analogous to Electric Flux (Gauss’ Law)

(1) Uniform B
B  B A  BA cos  B  A

(2) Non-Uniform B

Φ B   B  dA
S

P22-
 Minus Sign? Lenz’s Law
Induced EMF is in direction that opposes
the change in flux that caused it

P22-
 Faraday’s Law of Induction

dB
 
dt
Changing magnetic flux induces an EMF

Lenz: Induction opposes change

P22- 19
 Ways to Induce EMF

d
    BA cos  
dt
• Quantities which can vary with time:

• Magnitude of B
• Area A enclosed by the loop
• Angle  between B and loop normal
P22-
 Group Discussion:
Magnet Falling Through a Ring

Falling magnet slows as it approaches a copper

ring which has been immersed in liquid
P22-
 Magnet Falling Through a Ring

Falling magnet slows as it approaches a copper

ring which has been immersed in liquid nitrogen.
P22- 22
 Example: Magnitude of B
Magnet Falling Through a Ring

Falling magnet approaches a copper ring

or Copper Ring approaches Magnet P22- 23
 Moving Towards Dipole

Move
ring
down

As ring approaches, what happens to flux?

Flux up increases P22- 24
PRS Question:
Faraday’s Law

P22- 25
 PRS: Faraday’s Law: Loop
:00
A coil moves up
from underneath a
magnet with its
north pole pointing
upward. The
current in the coil
and the force on the
coil:

0% 1. Current clockwise; force up

0% 2. Current counterclockwise; force up
0% 3. Current clockwise; force down
0% 4. Current counterclockwise; force down
P22- 26
PRS Answer: Faraday’s Law: Loop
Answer: 3. Current is clockwise; force is down
The clockwise current
creates a self-field
downward, trying to offset
the increase of magnetic
flux through the coil as it
moves upward into stronger
fields (Lenz’s Law).
The I dl x B force on the coil is a force which is
trying to keep the flux through the coil from
increasing by slowing it down (Lenz’s Law again).
P22- 27
 PRS Question:
Loop in Uniform Field

P22- 28
 0
PRS: Loop in Uniform Field
Bout

v
A rectangular wire loop is pulled thru a uniform B field
penetrating its top half, as shown. The induced
current and the force and torque on the loop are:
0% 1. Current CW, Force Left, No Torque
0% 2. Current CW, No Force, Torque Rotates CCW
0% 3. Current CCW, Force Left, No Torque
0% 4. Current CCW, No Force, Torque Rotates CCW
0% 5. No current, force or torque P22- 29
PRS Answer: Loop in Uniform Field

Bout

Answer: 5. No current, force or torque

The motion does not change the magnetic flux, so
Faraday’s Law says there is no induced EMF, or
current, or force, or torque.
Of course, if we were pulling at all up or down there
would be a force to oppose that motion.
P22- 30
Group Problem: Changing Area
Conducting rod pulled along two conducting rails in a
uniform magnetic field B at constant velocity v

1. Direction of induced
current?
2. Direction of resultant
force?
3. Magnitude of EMF?
4. Magnitude of current?
5. Power externally
supplied to move at
constant v?
P22-
 Changing Angle

B  B  A  BA B  B  A  0
P22-
The last of the Maxwell’s
Equations (Kind of)

P22-
 Maxwell’s Equations
Creating Electric Fields
Qin
 E  dA 
S
0
(Gauss's Law)

dB
C E  d s   dt (Faraday's Law)

Creating Magnetic Fields

 B  dA  0
S
(Magnetic Gauss's Law)

 Bd s   I
C
0 enc (Ampere's Law)
P22- 34
 Experiment 5:
Faraday’s Law of Induction

P22- 35
Part 1: Current & Flux
BLACK
I>0
RED
Current?
Flux?
t
(t )   R  I  t '  dt '
0

P22- 36
PRS Predictions:
Flux & Current

P22- 37
 PRS: Flux Measurement
0
(A)
(B) t
t

(C) (D)

t t

Moving from above to below and back, you will

measure a flux of:
1. A then A 5. B then B
2. C then C 6. D then D
3. A then C 7. B then D
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

4. C then A 8. D then B P22- 38

1

8
5. 5
6. 6
7. 7
8. 8
 PRS Answer: Flux Measurement
(D)

t
Answer: 6. D then D
The direction of motion doesn’t matter – the field and
hence flux is always upwards (positive) and it
increases then decreases when moving towards and
away from the magnet respectively.

P22- 39
 0 PRS: Current Measurement

(A)
(B) t
t

(C) (D)

NOTE: CCW
t
is positive! t

Moving from above to below and back, you will

measure a current of:
1. A then A 5. B then B
2. C then C 6. D then D
3. A then C 7. B then D 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

4. C then A 8. D then B P22- 40

1

8
5. 5
6. 6
PRS Answer: Current Measurement
(C)
NOTE: CCW
is positive!

Answer: 2. C then C
The direction of motion doesn’t matter – the upward
flux increases then decreases so the induced current
will be clockwise to make a downward flux then
counterclockwise to make an upward one.

P22- 41
 PRS: Flux Behavior

(1)
(2) t
t
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3

(4)
4. 4

(3)
NOTE: Magnet
“Upside Down”
t t

Moving from below to above, you would measure a

flux best represented by which plot above (taking
upward flux as positive)?

0% 0% 0% 0%
:0 P22- 42
1

4
 PRS Answer: Flux Behavior
(2)

Answer: 2.
The field is downward so the flux is negative. It will
increase then decrease as you move over the
magnet.

P22- 43
 PRS: Current Behavior

(1)
(2) t
t

(3) (4)
NOTE: Magnet
1.
2.
3.
1
2
3
“Upside Down”
t
4. 4

Moving from above to below, you would measure a

current best represented by which plot above (taking
counterclockwise current as positive)?
0% 0% 0% 0%
0
P22- 44
1

4
 PRS Answer: Current Behavior
(1)

Answer: 1.
The field is downward so the current will first oppose it
(CCW to make an upward flux) then try to reinforce it
(CW to make a downward flux)

P22- 45
PRS Confirming Predictions?
Flux & Current

P22- 46
Part 2: Force Direction
Force when
Move Down?
Move Up?

Test with
aluminum
sleeve
P22- 47
PRS Question:
Wrap-Up
Faraday’s Law

P22- 48
 0 PRS: Circuit
A circuit in the form of a
rectangular piece of wire is
pulled away from a long
wire carrying current I in
the direction shown in the
sketch. The induced
current in the rectangular
circuit is
0% 1. Clockwise
0% 2. Counterclockwise
0% 3. Neither, the current is zero
P22- 49
 PRS Answer: Circuit
Answer: 1. Induced current
is clockwise
•B due to I is into page; the flux
through the circuit due to that field
decreases as the circuit moves
away. So the induced current is
clockwise (to make a B into the
page)
Note: Iind dl x B force is left on the left segment and
right on the right, but the force on the left is bigger.
So the net force on the rectangular circuit is to the
left, again trying to keep the flux from decreasing by
slowing the circuit’s motion P22- 50
 Faraday’s Law
Problem Solving Session

P22- 51
 Technology

Many Applications of
Faraday’s Law

P22- 52
Metal Detector

P22- 53
Induction Stovetops

P22- 54
Ground Fault Interrupters (GFI)

P22- 55
Electric Guitar

Pickups

P22- 56
Electric Guitar

P22- 57
Demonstration:
Electric Guitar

P22- 58
PRS Question:
Generator

P22- 59
 PRS: Generator
A square coil rotates in a
magnetic field directed to
the right. At the time
shown, the current in the
square, when looking
down from the top of the
square loop, will be

0% 1. Clockwise
0% 2. Counterclockwise
0% 3. Neither, the current is zero
0% 4. I don’t know
:00P22- 60
 PRS Answer: Generator
Answer: 1. Induced current
is counterclockwise
•Flux through loop decreases as
normal rotates away from B. To
try to keep flux from decreasing,
induced current will be CCW,
trying to keep the magnetic flux
from decreasing (Lenz’s Law)
Note: Iind dl x B force on the sides of the square loop
will be such as to produce a torque that tries to stop
it from rotating (Lenz’s Law).

P22- 61
 Group Problem: Generator
Square loop (side L) spins with angular frequency
w in a field of strength B. It is hooked to a load R.
1) Write an expression for current I(t) assuming the
loop is vertical at time t = 0.
2) How much work from generator per revolution?
3) To make it twice as hard to turn, what do you
do to R?

P22- 62
 Demonstration:
Levitating Magnet

P22- 63
Brakes

P22- 64
Magnet Falling Through a Ring

What happened to kinetic energy of

magnet? P22- 65
 Demonstration:
Eddy Current Braking

P22- 66
 Eddy Current Braking

What happened to kinetic energy of disk?

(link to movie)
P22- 67
 Eddy Current Braking
The magnet induces currents in the metal that
dissipate the energy through Joule heating:

w 1. Current is induced
counter-clockwise (out
from center)
2. Force is opposing motion
(creates slowing torque)
XX
XX

P22- 68
 Eddy Current Braking
The magnet induces currents in the metal that
dissipate the energy through Joule heating:

w 1. Current is induced
clockwise (out from
center)
2. Force is opposing motion
(creates slowing torque)
XX
3. EMF proportional to w

XX

F
2
4. .

R P22- 69
 Faraday’s Law of Induction

dB
 
dt
Changing magnetic flux induces an EMF

Lenz: Induction opposes change

P22- 70
 Today:
Using Inductance

P22- 71
 First:
Mutual Inductance

P22- 72
Demonstration:
Remote Speaker

P22- 73
 Mutual Inductance
Current I2 in coil 2, induces
magnetic flux 12 in coil 1.
“Mutual inductance” M12:

12  M12 I 2
M12  M 21  M
Change current in coil 2?
Induce EMF in coil 1: 12  M 12 dI 2
dt
P22- 74
 Transformer
Step-up transformer
Flux  through each turn same:
d d
p  Np ; s  Ns
dt dt

s 
Ns
p Np
Ns > Np: step-up transformer
Ns < Np: step-down transformer
P22- 75
 Demonstrations:

One Turn Secondary:

Nail

Many Turn Secondary:

Jacob’s Ladder

P22- 76
 Transmission of Electric Power

Power loss can be greatly reduced if

transmitted at high voltage
P22- 77
 Example: Transmission lines
An average of 120 kW of electric power is sent from
a power plant. The transmission lines have a total
resistance of 0.40 W. Calculate the power loss if the
power is sent at (a) 240 V, and (b) 24,000 V.

P 1.2 105W
(a) I   500 A
V 2.4 10 V 2
83% loss!!
PL  I 2 R  (500 A)2 (0.40W)  100kW

P 1.2 105W
(b) I   5.0 A 0.0083% loss
V 2.4 10 V
4

PL  I R  (5.0 A) (0.40W)  10W

2 2

P22- 78
 Group Discussion:
Transmission lines
We just calculated that I2R is smaller
for bigger voltages.

What about V2/R? Isn’t that bigger?

Why doesn’t that matter?

P22- 79
Self Inductance

P22- 80
 Self Inductance
What if we forget about coil 2 and
ask about putting current into coil 1?
There is “self flux”:

  11  M11I1  LI

Faraday’s Law    L
dI
dt P22- 81
 Calculating Self Inductance
Total,self Unit: Henry
V s
L 1H=1
I A
1. Assume a current I is flowing in your device
2. Calculate the B field due to that I
3. Calculate the flux due to that B field
4. Calculate the self inductance (divide out I)

P22- 82
 Group Problem: Solenoid

Calculate the self-inductance L of a

solenoid (n turns per meter, length ,
radius R)

REMEMBER
1. Assume a current I is flowing in your device
2. Calculate the B field due to that I
3. Calculate the flux due to that B field
4. Calculate the self inductance (divide out I)

L   Self, total I
P22- 83
 Group Problem: Torus

Calculate the inductance of the above

torus (square cross-section of length a,
radius R, N total turns)
1) For assumed current I, what is B(r)?
2) Calculate flux, divide out I
P22- 84
 Review: Inductor Behavior

L
I

  L
dI
dt
Inductor with constant current does nothing
P22- 85
 Back EMF 
dI
 L
dt

I I
dI
 0, L  0 dI
 0, L  0
dt dt P22- 86
 Demos: Breaking Circuits

Big Inductor
Marconi Coil

The Question:
What happens if big DI, small Dt

P22- 87
Internal Combustion Engine

P22- 88
Ignition Overview

P22- 89
The Workhorse: The Coil
Primary Coil:
~200 turns heavy Cu
DC (12 V) in to GND

Secondary Coil:
~20,000 turns fine Cu
Usually no voltage…
When primary breaks
up to ~45,000 V P22- 90
Energy in Inductors

P22- 91
 Inductor Behavior

L
I

  L
dI
dt
Inductor with constant current does nothing
P22- 92
 Energy To “Charge” Inductor
1. Start with “uncharged” inductor
2. Gradually increase current. Must work:
dI
dW  Pdt   I dt  L I dt  LI dI
dt
3. Integrate up to find total work done:
I
W   dW   LI dI  L I
1
2
2

I 0
P22- 93
Energy Stored in Inductor

UL  L I 1
2
2

But where is energy stored?

P22- 94
 Example: Solenoid
Ideal solenoid, length l, radius R, n turns/length, current I:

B  0 nI L  o n  R l
2 2

U B  LI 
1
2
2 1
2  n  R l I
o
2 2 2

 B2  2
UB    R l
 2o 
Energy Volume
Density P22- 95
 Energy Density
Energy is stored in the magnetic field!
2
B
uB  : Magnetic Energy Density
2o

o E 2
uE  : Electric Energy Density
2
P22- 96
Group Problem: Coaxial Cable

Inner wire: r = a I I
X
Outer wire: r = b

1. How much energy is stored per unit length?

2. What is inductance per unit length?

HINTS: This does require an integral

The EASIEST way to do (2) is to use (1)
P22- 97
 PRS Questions:
Inductor in a Circuit
Stopping a Motor

P22- 98
 PRS: Stopping a Motor
Consider a motor (a loop of wire rotating in a B
field) which is driven at a constant rate by a
battery through a resistor.
Now grab the motor and prevent it from
rotating. What happens to the current in the
circuit?
0% 1. Increases
0% 2. Decreases
0% 3. Remains the Same
0% 4. I don’t know :20P22- 99
 PRS Answer: Stopping a Motor
Answer: 1. Increases
When the motor is rotating in a magnetic field
an EMF is generated which opposes the
motion, that is, it reduces the current. When
the motor is stopped that back EMF disappears
and the full voltage of the battery is now
dropped across the resistor – the current
increases. For some motors this increase is
very significant, and a stalled motor can lead to
huge currents that burn out the windings (e.g.
your blender). P22-100
Think Harder about Faraday

P22-101
 PRS Question:
Faraday in Circuit

P22-102
 PRS: Faraday Circuit
0
A magnetic field B penetrates this
circuit outwards, and is increasing A
at a rate such that a current of 1 A R=10W
is induced in the circuit (which
direction?).
The potential difference VA-VB is: R=100W
0% 1. +10 V B
0% 2. -10 V
0% 3. +100 V
0% 4. -100 V
0% 5. +110 V
0% 6. -110 V
0% 7. +90 V
0% 8. -90 V
0% 9. None of the above P22-103
 PRS Answer: Faraday Circuit
A
Answer: 9. None of the above R=10W
The question is meaningless.
There is no such thing as R=100W
potential difference when a
changing magnetic flux is present. B

By Faraday’s law, a non-conservative E is

induced (that is, its integral around a closed
loop is non-zero). Non-conservative fields
can’t have potentials associated with them.

P22-104
Non-Conservative Fields

R=10W R=100W
I=1A

dB
 E  d s  
dt
E is no longer a conservative field –
Potential now meaningless P22-105
Kirchhoff’s Modified 2nd Rule
dB
i D Vi    E  d s   d t
dB
  D Vi  0
i dt
If all inductance is ‘localized’ in inductors then
our problems go away – we just have:
dI
i D Vi  L d t  0 P22-106
 Inductors in Circuits
Inductor: Circuit element with self-inductance
Ideally it has zero resistance

Symbol:

P22-107
 Ideal Inductor
• BUT, EMF generated
by an inductor is not a
voltage drop across
the inductor!
dI
  L
dt
D Vi n d u c t o r    E  d s  0
Because resistance is 0, E must be 0! P22-108
 Circuits:
Applying Modified Kirchhoff’s
(Really Just Faraday’s Law)

P22-109
 LR Circuit

i Vi    IR  L dt  0
dI
P22-110
 LR Circuit

1  
  IR  L  0   
dI dI
I  
dt dt L R R
P22-111
Need Some Math:
Exponential Decay

P22-112
 Exponential Decay
dA 1
Consider function A where:  A
A decays exponentially:
dt 
1.0A0

t 
A  A0 e
A

0.5A0
A0/e =
0.368 A0

0.0A0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time t P22-113
 Exponential Behavior
   A  Af 
dA 1
Slightly modify diff. eq.:
A “decays” to A :
dt 
f
1.0Af

0.5Af

A  Af 1  e  t 

A

0.0Af
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time t P22-114
 This is one of two differential
equations we expect you to
know how to solve (know the
answer to).

The other is simple harmonic

motion (more on that next week)

P22-115
 LR Circuit
dI

1   
I  
dt L R R
Solution to this equation when switch is closed at t = 0:


I (t ) 
R
1 e  t /

L
  : time constant
R
(units: seconds)

P22-116
 LR Circuit

t=0+: Current is trying to change. Inductor works as

hard as it needs to to stop it
t=∞: Current is steady. Inductor does nothing.
P22-117
 PRS Question:
Voltage Across Inductor

P22-118
 PRS: Voltage Across Inductor
In the circuit at right the
switch is closed at t = 0. A
voltmeter hooked across
the inductor will read:

1. VL   e
 t /
0%

2. VL   (1  e )
 t /
0%

0% 3. VL  0
0% 4. I don’t know 0
P22-119
 PRS Answer: V Across Inductor
Answer: 1. VL   e t 

The inductor “works hard” at

first, preventing current flow,
then “relaxes” as the current
becomes constant in time.

Although “voltage differences” between two

points isn’t completely meaningful now, we
certainly can hook a voltmeter across an
inductor and measure the EMF it generates.

P22-120
 LR Circuit
Readings on Voltmeter
c Inductor (a to b)
Resistor (c to a)

t=0+: Current is trying to change. Inductor works as

hard as it needs to to stop it
t=∞: Current is steady. Inductor does nothing.
P22-121
 Group Problem: Circuits

For the above circuit sketch the currents

through the two bottom branches as a
function of time (switch closes at t = 0, opens
at t = T). State values at t = 0+, T-, T+ P22-122