Intan Nirwana

INTRODUCTION
• Gypsum (CaSO4•2H2O; calcium sulfate dihydrate)
is a mineral mined in various parts of the world

General application of gypsum :

1. Ceiling list
2. Art things
3. Ceramic industry
4. Building construction
Gypsum ceiling list
Gypsum ceiling board
Art things
Ceramic industry
Medical
The primary applications of gypsum products in
dentistry include
1. the production of study models for oral and
maxillofacial structures and their use as
auxiliary materials for dental laboratory
operations involved in the production of
dental prostheses.
Orthodontic study model
Attaching casts to an articulator
Attaching casts to an articulator
2. They are also used to form models and casts
on which wax dental prostheses and
restorations are constructed.
 Reaction of gypsum-producing products with water

Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfate

hemihydrate + Water dihydrate + Heat

(CaS04) 2.H20 + 3 H20 2CaS04 . 2H20 + + Heat

unreacted
(CaSO4)2 • H2O
 TYPES OF GYPSUM PRODUCTS
1. IMPRESSION PLASTER (TYPE I)
2. MODEL PLASTER (TYPE II)
3. DENTAL STONE (TYPE III)
4. DENTAL STONE, HIGH STRENGTH (TYPE IV)
5. DENTAL STONE, HIGH STRENGTH, HIGH
EXPANSION (TYPE V)
 IMPRESSION PLASTER (TYPE I)
• These impression materials are composed of plaster
of Paris (β-hemihydrate) to which modifiers have
been added to regulate the setting time and setting
expansion
• It is used making primary impression of edentulous
oral cavity in complete denture fabrication.

Impression plaster is rarely used any longer for

making dental impressions because it has been
replaced by less rigid materials
the hydrocolloids and elastomers.
Primary impression of edentulous
oral cavity
 MODEL PLASTER (TYPE II)
This model plaster or laboratory Type II plaster

• It is used in producing study cast

• It is used to fill flasks during complete denture
constructions when setting expansion is not critical
and the strength is adequate
• Attaching casts to an articulator / To mount the
cast on the articulator
• It is marketed in the natural white colour
contrasting with stones which are generally
colored
Study model

Fill the flask

To mount the cast on the articulator
Requisites for a dental plaster
• It should set fast but should have enough time
for manipulation.
• It should set to a very hard and strong mass.
• It should neither expand nor contract
appreciably.
• It should not lose its strength when subjected
to moulding and curing procedures
 DENTAL STONE (TYPE III)
• With the advent of hydrocolloid impression
material, the improved hardness of α-hemihydrate
made stone dies workable and the indirect wax
pattern possible.

• It is intended for the construction of casts in the

fabrication of full dentures to fit soft tissues.

a slight setting expansion can be tolerated in casts

that reproduce soft tissues, but not when teeth are
involved.
• It is preferred for casts used to process
dentures the stone has enough strength
for this purpose and the denture is easier to
remove after processing.

• It is marketed as coloured powder

 Dental Stone (High strength) Type IV

• The principal requisites for a die material :

strength, hardness, and minimal setting
expansion.

To obtain these properties, modified α-

hemihydrate (Figure 9-2, C) is used.
• The cube-shaped particles and the reduced
surface area produce such properties without
undue thickening of the mix.

This material is also called die stone.

• A hard surface is necessary for a die stone
because the tooth preparation is covered with
wax and carved flush with the margins of the
die.

• A sharp instrument is used for this purpose;

therefore, the stone must be resistant to
abrasion.
• Gypsum hardening solutions, silver plating,
coating with cyanoacrylate adhesive, and
other methods are used to increase the
abrasion resistance
Preparation of onlay & inlay
Before becoming a metal restoration, the wax
pattern is made first
 DENTAL STONE, HIGH STRENGTH, HIGH
EXPANSION (TYPE V)

• The type V dental stone higher compressive

strength than does type IV

• The improved strength is attained by making it

possible to lower the W/P ratio even
further than that used for Type IV stone
• The setting expansion has been increased from a
maximum of 0.10% to 0.30%

• The rationale for increasing setting expansion is that

certain newer alloys, such as base metal, have a
greater casting shrinkage than do the traditional
noble metal alloys

• Higher expansion is required in the stone die to aid

in compensating for the alloy solidification
shrinkage.
• The use of a Type V stone may also be indicated
when the expansion achieved during the fabrication
of cast crowns is inadequate

• One should avoid the use of Type V stones for

producing dies for inlays and onlays since
the higher expansion may lead to an unacceptably
tight fit
 A B C

FIGURE 9-2 Three types of powder particles in gypsumproducing

products (×400). A, Plaster of Paris (β-hemihydrate particles); crystals
are spongy and irregular in shape. B, Dental stone (α-hemihydrate);
crystals are prismatic and more regular in shape than those of plaster.
C, Improved stone (modified α-hemihydrate); the cube-shaped particles
have a reduced surface area that improves the flow of the mixture.
 A

A, Plaster of Paris (β-hemihydrate particles);

crystals are spongy and irregular in shape.
 B

B, Dental stone (α-hemihydrate); crystals are

prismatic and more regular in shape than those of
plaster.
 C

C, Improved stone (modified α-hemihydrate); the

cube-shaped particles have a reduced surface area
that improves the flow of the mixture.
Application of Gypsum product in Dentistry
Include
1. Models and dies
2. Impression material
3. Mould
4. Investments (material tanam)
Dental gypsum
Models
Model & die
 Manipulation

1. Hand mixing (manually)

2. Vacum mixer
 MANIPULATION
of Gypsum Products
Proportion P and L

Microstone

Pre-packaged P

Transfer to impression
Vacuum mixer
Improper mixing Proper mixing
 Setting time

Setting time can be divided into :

1. Initial setting time
2. Final setting time
 Tests for setting of gypsum products

Tests for setting of gypsum products

The tests done for setting of gypsum products
are listed as below :
• Loss of gloss test.
• Gillmore’s test.
• Vicat test for setting time.
 Gillmore’s test

1. When the mix no longer leaves an impression

when penetrated by Gillmore needle, which
has a tip 2.12 mm in diameter and weighs
113.4 g, the time elapsed is called the initial
setting time.
• At this point, the mass still has no measurable
compressive strength and the cast cannot be
safely removed from the impression.
2. The elapsed time at which a heavier Gillmore
needle, weighing 453.6 g and with a tip 1.06
mm in diameter, leaves only a barely
perceptible mark on the surface is called the
final setting time.
Gillmore needle
 (B) (A) Gillmore’s needle
used for initial setting
(A)
(B) Gillmore’s needle
used for final setting
(a)Material is unset

(b) Material is set

 Setting expansion

Normal setting expansion

The expansion that occurs when gypsum or
a gypsum-bonded investment sets in ambient
air.
• Regardless of the type of gypsum product
selected an expansion of the mass can be
detected during the change from the
hemihydrate to the dihydrate.

• Depending on the composition of the gypsum

product, this observed linear expansion may
be as low as 0.06% or as high as 0.5%.