MAXIMUM DEMAND

By: Perez, Ivy D.

MAXIMUM DEMAND
The amount of electricity a consumer uses at any given
moment is called his “demand.” It varies from hour to hour. The
highest value which the demand reaches is called the
“maximum demand”

Put simply, the maximum demand (kva) is your

peak demand of electricity from the grid. It's not the
same as the amount of energy you use or
consumption.
MAXIMUM DEMAND
Demand vs. Consumption

Electricity demand is measured in kilowatts (kw) and represents

the rate at which electricity is consumed. Electricity consumption, on the
other hand, is measured in kilowatt-hours (kwh) and represents the
amount of electricity that has been consumed over a certain time period.
MAXIMUM DEMAND

The higher the maximum demand, the larger and more

expensive must be the apparatus necessary to carry it, from the
watt-hour meter all the way back to the power house.
The maximum demand may exist for only a very short while
or it may last for a considerable period. For practical purposes it is
taken as the highest 15-minute (or half-hourly or hourly) demand
during the billing period, usually 1 month.
Very low demand Very high demand
A THREE-PHASE UNBALANCED
POWER FLOW SOLUTION WITH
THREE-PHASE DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMERS
By: Perez, Ivy D.
SUMMARY

In the proposed solution, a sensitivity constant incident matrix between node voltages
and injection currents was derived based on path matrix, then a simple direct algorithm in
impedance form was utilized to resolve the three-phase unbalanced power flow. An
efficient layered algorithm was obtained by dividing a large and complicated distribution
network into several small and simple networks (called layers) to overcome the large size
problem of incident matrix for a complicated distribution network. Then the size of incident
matrix has been reduced and the space requirements have been greatly decreased for
the entire system. The exact three-phase transformer models are critical for distribution
system analysis. The models for several kinds of main connections have been
developed in this paper. The transformer can be considered as one special layer during
solving the power flow.
REACTION
Load flow analysis is an important function for power system planning and
practical studies. certain applications, particularly in distribution automation and
optimization of a power system, require repeated load flow solution and in these
applications, it is very Important to solve the load flow problem as efficiently as possible.
as the power distribution networks become more complex, there is greater demand for
efficient and reliable system operation. consequently, the most important system analysis
tool, load flow studies, should be capable of handling various system configurations with
adequate accuracy and speed.
In several situations, it observed that the radial distribution systems remain
unbalanced due to single-phase, two-phase and three-phase loads. thus, load flow
solution for unbalanced case, special analysis is necessary.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Usual load flow method cannot directly apply to distribution systems. The mode
used for three phase power flow analysis in unbalanced systems cannot develop
by extending the single-phase balanced methods. A three-phase load flow method has
to analyze problems like modeling of different forms of fundamental connections that
would regulate starting point for three phase power flow solution as there are phase shifts
and transformation ratios for each phase and at different buses.A simple direct algorithm
in impedance form was utilized to resolve the three-phase unbalanced power flow. The
exact three-phase transformer models are critical for distribution system analysis.
A complete and accurate three-phase transformer model is desirable for
distribution power system analysis. Generally, the functions are nonlinear, and the
coefficients should be determined by experiments and the core loss of a transformer can
be approximated by shunt core loss functions on each phase of the secondary terminal
of the transformer.