Calculation and Analysis of Electrical

and Mechanical Characteristics of

Transformer Windings Under Short-
Circuit Condition
Baiju P
S 4 , Powe r Sy ste ms
D e par tme nt O f El e c t r ical En g i ne e ri ng
C ET.

11/5/2019 1
 CONTENTS
SL.NO SLIDE SLIDE NO

1. INTRODUCTION 3.
2. FORCES IN POWER TRANSFORMER 4.
3. INTERNAL BODY OF POWER TRANSFORMER 5.
4. FORCE TRANSFER IN POWER TRANSFOMRER COIL 6.
5. EFFECT OF SHORT CIRCUIT FORCES IN PTR COIL. 7.
6. LITERATURE REVIEW 8.
7. OBJECTIVES 11.
8. POWER TRANSFORMER DETAILS 12.
9. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT 13.
10. EXPECTED OUTCOME 14.
11. REFERENCES 15.

11/5/2019 2
 INTRODUCTION

• Power transformers and their importance: CASE STUDY of

250MVA GTR at NLC.

• Short circuits in Power systems and Impact on PTRs.

• Analysis of Short circuit effect on Power transformers.

11/5/2019 3
 FORCES IN POWER TRANSFORMERS.

Fig3: Images showing short circuit forces in PTRs

11/5/2019 4
 INTERNAL BODY OF POWER TRANSFORMER.

Fig2: 46MVA, 72.8/11.5kV 3 phase PTR.

Fig1: 267MVA, 432/23.5 kV 1phase PTR 11/5/2019 5
FORCE TRANSFER IN POWER TRANSFORMER COIL.

Fig5:
Continuously
transposed
conductor(CTC)

Fig6:
Continuous
disk winding

Fig4: Gauge view of a typical PTR

11/5/2019 6
EFFECT OF SHORT CIRCUIT FORCES ON PTR COILS

Fig5: forced and

free buckling

Fig6: Bending b/w radial

spacers
Fig7:Conductor tilting in a disk
winding.

11/5/2019 7
 LITERATURE REVIEW
PAPER
2) G. B. Kumbhar and S. V. Kulkarni, “Analysis of
short-circuit performance of split-winding
transformer using coupled field-circuit
approach,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 22, no. 2,
pp. 936–943, Apr. 2007.
REMARKS
• 70 MVA, 220/6.9/6.9kV Split winding power transformer
modelled.
• Special short circuit consideration for split winding
transformer,
• 2D analysis done in two cases, one LV short circuited and both
LV short circuited
• High saturation of core in first case and reduced damage in
the second case.
• Residual magnetism can cause increase in inrush currents.

3) H.-M. Ahn, Y.-H. Oh, J.-K. Kim, J.-S. Song, and • 50 KVA, 220/400V 1phase dry type transformer modelled.
S.-C. Hahn, “Experimental verification and finite • HV winding modelled to 20 sections and LV to 22 sections so
element analysis of short-circuit electromagnetic that electromagnetic force at each section calculated
force for dry-type transformer,” IEEE Trans. • Systematic procedure followed, circuit equation solver to
Magn., vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 819–822, Feb. 2012. Electromagnetic field solver to mechanical solver which finally
yields force on each section which was experimentally
verified.
11/5/2019 8
 LITERATURE REVIEW CONT…
PAPER
4) B. Zhang and Y. Li, “Research on radial stability of large
transformers windings under multiple short-circuit
conditions,” IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 26, no. 7,
pp. 1–4, Oct. 2016.
REMARKS
• Provides an alternative computational method for
deformation of windings.
• A circular arc model proposed for the conductor and
each point assigned as coordinates
• Initially the system taken as linear on first buckling
action it turns to a non linear system
• Node coordinates are updated by step by step iteration
to determine the critical load.
• Mentions bad effects of short circuit inrush times and
importance of strong supports with experimental
verification of a coil.

11/5/2019 9
 LITERATURE REVIEW CONT…
PAPER
1)S.Wang etal.,” Calculation and Analysis of Mechanical
Characteristics of Transformer Windings Under Short-
Circuit Condition” IEEE Trans.Magn.,2019.
11/5/2019
REMARKS
• 25 MVA, 11OkV PTR modelled.
• Control equations with boundary conditions
formulated as used in FEM model
• SCEM characteristics obtained through magnetic
structural coupling analysis by FEM.
• 3D modelling considering non linear mechanical
characteristics of spacers. Claiming to be more
accurate
• Structural analysis by FEM is performed to obtain
stress on the coil and compared.
10
 OBJECTIVES.
• To perform short circuit analysis on a 22 MVA single phase power transformer.

• To derive electromagnetic forces and mechanical stresses . Compare the result with the yield
strength of Copper to Identify chances of plastic deformation.

• To compare normal CTC with Epoxy coated CTC and various varieties of copper like soft copper,
work hardened copper, CPR (controlled proof stress)copper etc.

• To suggest changes in Electrical and Mechanical design and optimize the design for
Electromagnetic force transfer.

11/5/2019 11
 TRANSFORMER DETAILS
• 220kV oil immersed type transformer used.

QUANTITY VALUE
Rated power 22000kVA
Impedance 12 %
No. of winding turns of HV/LV winding 1018/82
Inner diameter of HV/LV copper disk 1094/782 mm
Outer diameter of HV/LV copper disk 1286/930 mm
No of disks of HV/LV winding 136/82

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 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

• AUTOCAD for 3-D modelling.

• ANSYS MAXWELL for short circuit and electromagnetic analysis

• ANSYS STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS for stress analysis

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 EXPECTED OUTCOME
• The MATLAB analysis is expected to provide the short circuit current flowing through the transformer
and its magnitude during the analysis point

• Electromagnetic analysis provides the Electromagnetic forces during the short circuited condition.

• The power transformer is expected to withstand the short circuit forces with a yield strength better
than that of the electromagnetic stress experienced at different part of the coil.

• Comparison of variety of conductors shows the importance of them and their requirement in
various designs

• Above outputs would yield in optimization of the transformer design.

11/5/2019 14
 REFERENCES
[1] S. Wang ,Sh. Wang , N. Zhang , D. Yuan, and H.Qiu .,” Calculation and Analysis of Mechanical Characteristics of
Transformer Windings Under Short-Circuit Condition” IEEE Trans.Magn.,2019.

[2] G. B. Kumbhar and S. V. Kulkarni, “Analysis of short-circuit performance of split-winding transformer using coupled
field-circuit approach,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 936–943,Apr. 2007.

[3] H. Zhang et al., “Dynamic deformation analysis of power transformer windings in short-circuit fault by FEM,” IEEE
Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1–4, Jun. 2014.

[4] H.-M. Ahn, Y.-H. Oh, J.-K. Kim, J.-S. Song, and S.-C. Hahn, “Experimental verification and finite element analysis of
short-circuit electromagnetic force for dry-type transformer,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 819–822, Feb. 2012.

[5] B. Zhang and Y. Li, “Research on radial stability of large transformers windings under multiple short-circuit
conditions,” IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 1–4, Oct. 2016.

11/5/2019 15
11/5/2019 16
 CONTENT
SL.NO SLIDE SLIDE NO

1. INTRODUCTION 18.
2. SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT IN POWER TRANSFORMER 19.
3. CALCULATION OF LEAKAGE MAGNETIC FIELD 21.
4. SHORT CIRCUIT FORCES IN POWER TRANSFORMERS. 23.
5. FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. 24.
6. 3D MODEL OF THE POWER TRANSFORMER. 26.
7. SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATION. 29.
8. RESULTS 30.
9. MECHANICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 36.
10. CONCLUSION 46.
11. REFERENCES 47.

11/5/2019 17
 INTRODUCTION
● The continuous increase in demand of electrical power has resulted in the addition of more generating
capacity and interconnections in power systems. Both these factors have contributed to an increase in
short circuit capacity of networks, making the short circuit duty of transformers more severe.

● The success rate during actual short circuit tests is far from satisfactory.

● Adequate short circuit strength Survives through short circuits and durable.

● Inadequate strength Mechanical collapse of winding and clamping structure Electrical

fault inside transformer Blow out of bushings, rupture of tank and Fire hazards.

● The short circuit electromechanical design and strict manufacturing process is one of the most
important and challenging aspects of the transformer industry.

● Finite element method is an advanced and reliable tool for electromechanical analysis in short circuit
design of power transformers.

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 SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT IN PTR
● The maximum short circuit current is generated when the three- phase symmetric short circuit occur
outside the transformer, hence this condition is valued.

● The short circuit current in the windings can be expressed in the following formula

id(t) = √2*Id*[cosα*e-(rd/Ld)t – cos(ωt + α)] (1)

where,
id(t) = Transient short circuit current.
Id = RMS value of steady state short circuit current.
rd = Resistance of the respective coil.
Ld = Inductance of respective coil.
α = Switching angle

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 SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT IN PTR CONT…
and.. Id = V / Zd (2)

where,
V = Phase voltage of the power transformer coil under consideration.

Zd = Total perphase impedance of the two winding transformer from a respective side.

● The current consists of two components: an alternating steady-state component at fundamental

frequency-so called symmetrical short circuit current and an unidirectional component decreasing
exponentially over time.

● The value of maximum asymmetrical short-circuit current depends on the X/R ratio and the switching
angle α.

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 CALCULATION OF LEAKAGE MAGNETIC FIELD
● The Finite element method is applied to compute the distribution of leakage
magnetic field of the transformer. The control equations and boundary
conditions are expressed as,
Where,
𝜕 1 𝜕(𝑟𝐴𝜙) 𝜕 𝜕𝐴
Ω ∶ (𝜐
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟
) +
𝜕𝑧
(𝜐 𝜙)
𝜕𝑧
= -J𝜙 (3) A𝜙 = Magnetic vector potential

𝜐 = Reluctivity
Γ1 ∶ A𝜙 = A𝜙0 ( 4)
J𝜙 = Source current density,
denoting short circuit current
1 𝜕(𝑟𝐴𝜙)
Γ2 ∶ 𝜐
𝑟 𝜕𝑛
= -Ht ( 5) Ht = Tangential magnetic field
strength.

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CALCULATION OF LEAKAGE MAGNETIC FIELD AND FORCE
● The magnetic flux density can be calculated based on the following equations,

𝜕𝐴𝜙
Br = - (6)
𝜕𝑧

1 𝜕(𝑟𝐴𝜙)
Bz = (7)
𝑟 𝜕𝑟

Where Br and Bz are the radial and axial components of leakage flux density respectively.

● The Axial and radial electromagnetic force density can be obtained as follows:

Fz = J𝜙 X Br (8)

Fr = J𝜙 X Bz (9)

Where Fz and Fr are the axial and radial component of electromagnetic force respectively.
11/5/2019 22
SHORT CIRCUIT FORCES IN POWER TRANSFORMER

Fig1: Images showing short circuit forces in PTRs

11/5/2019 23
 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

● The finite element method is a numerical technique for obtaining approximate solutions to the boundary
value problems of mathematical physics.

● Complex differential equations and classical methods like Ritz method and Galerkins method.

● The basic principle of the FEM method is to replace an entire continuous domain by a finite number of
subdomains in which the unknown functions are represented by simple interpolation functions with
unknown coefficient. Therefore the basic steps are,

1. Discretization or subdivision of the domain---- Elements, nodes and position.

2. Selection of the interpolation function
3. Formulation of the system of equations
4. Solution of the system of equations

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 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD CONT…

Fig2: Types of FEM divisional

elements for (a) 1D, (b) 2D
and (c) 3D.

Fig4: FEM numerical result compared

with exact soln

Fig3: Elemental division in FEM

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 3-D MODEL OF THE POWER TRANSFORMER
CORE:

Material: CRGO M125-027

Core circle: 740 mm

BH Curve: (Fig 6)

Fig5: 3D model of the CORE

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 3-D MODEL OF THE POWER TRANSFORMER CONT…

Fig6: LV COIL: Fig7: HV COIL:

Total turns =82 Total turns =1018
No of parallel path=44 No of parallel path=2
Sense = Clock wise Sense = Clock wise
Inner dia = 782mm Inner dia = 1094 mm
Outer dia = 930 mm Outer dia = 1286 mm
Coil width = 74 Coil width = 96
11/5/2019 27
3-D MODEL OF THE POWER TRANSFORMER AND SPECIFICATION

QUANTITY VALUE
Rated power 22000kVA
Impedance 12 %
No. of winding turns of HV/LV winding 1018/82
Inner diameter of HV/LV copper disk 1094/782 mm
Outer diameter of HV/LV copper disk 1286/930 mm
No of disks of HV/LV winding 136/82
Resistance of LV coil 0.006 ohm
Resistance of HV coil 1.065 ohm
Core circle 740 mm

Fig8: Full 3D model of the transformer.

11/5/2019 28
 SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATION

Impedance Z w.r t to LV side ≈ X w.r.t LV side = 0.66 ohm.

Impedance Z w.r t to HV side ≈ X w.r.t HV side = 264 ohm.

Resistance (R) w.r.t LV side = 0.01399 ohm.

Fault current at 0.01 s on the LV
R/L=1.665 side= 46.7606 kA
Inductance (L) w.r.t LV side = 8.4 mH

Stedy state Short circuit fault current on LV side =11000/0.66= 16.67kA

Fault current at 0.01s on the HV
side = 1349.6 A
Stedy state Short circuit fault current on HV side = 127017/264 = 481.125A

The fault current is more severe at 0.01s with the mazimum magnitude.
So its suitable to analyse the system at that time.

11/5/2019 29
RESULT:SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT WAVEFORMS

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 RESULT:FIELDS

Bmax=3.8891T

Bmax on coil=2.066T

Fig9: Field pattern at

0.01s of short circuit.

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 RESULT:AXIAL FORCES
Turn Force(kN) Turn Force(kN) Turn Force(kN) Turn Force(kN) Turn Force(kN) Turn Force(kN)

1 167.68 15 32.324 29 7.2826 43 -2.4192 57 -15.71 71 -40.556

2 137.65 16 28.848 30 5.9193 44 -1.3303 58 -8.2129 72 -49.259

3 116.1 17 25.765 31 4.4046 45 -0.22921 59 -11.402 73 -45.861

4 101.88 18 26.058 32 5.7437 46 -1.8096 60 -11.185 74 -53.311

5 88.687 19 24.068 33 4.1895 47 -3.0861 61 -13.588 75 -58.24

6 77.839 20 19.857 34 2.4823 48 -4.3887 62 -15.708 76 -66.676

7 68.625 21 15.852 35 3.4186 49 -5.8741 63 -17.872 77 -76.175

8 60.522 22 14.83 36 4.5355 50 -4.4866 64 -20.235 78 -87.148

9 56.233 23 13.864 37 3.0087 51 -6.1514 65 -22.846 79 -100.47

10 50.07 24 9.7312 38 1.727 52 -7.8658 66 -25.701 80 -114.78

11 44.641 25 8.2254 39 0.4603 53 -6.8438 67 -26.103 81 -136.5

12 39.779 26 9.309 40 -0.82142 54 -8.735 68 -29.53 82 -166.81

13 35.185 27 10.348 41 0.60342 55 -10.614 69 -33.047

14 33.534 28 8.6804 42 -0.88442 56 -9.8619 70 -38.911

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 RESULT:AXIAL FORCES CONT…
Fig10: Axial force pattern on LV coil.
Axial forces
200

150

100

50
Force (kN)

-50

-100

-150

-200
Turn

11/5/2019 33
 RESULT:RADIAL FORCES
Turn Force(kN) Turn Force(kN) Turn Force(kN) Turn Force(kN) Turn Force(kN) Turn Force(kN)

1 4.807882 15 13.46015 29 18.89011 43 21.70735 57 18.72307 71 13.34401

2 5.860689 16 14.11755 30 19.89039 44 20.56539 58 18.29083 72 13.43708

3 6.131816 17 13.44956 31 20.03237 45 21.26654 59 18.50578 73 12.7159

4 6.9184 18 14.47533 32 19.81629 46 21.58821 60 17.23013 74 11.86502

5 6.558256 19 14.72275 33 19.33563 47 21.39397 61 16.82658 75 10.07182

6 7.166459 20 15.3605 34 21.29567 48 21.43675 62 16.53443 76 9.362585

7 7.837247 21 15.69528 35 21.32908 49 21.35417 63 15.78475 77 7.023128

8 8.009863 22 15.37086 36 21.17887 50 19.86932 64 15.5147 78 6.639081

9 8.415657 23 15.57428 37 21.44657 51 19.77142 65 14.99519 79 6.301761

10 10.78313 24 17.45088 38 20.29544 52 21.06851 66 14.55706 80 5.188551

11 12.5952 25 17.52138 39 22.09118 53 20.37763 67 13.72488 81 4.440656

12 12.54017 26 17.84666 40 22.05912 54 19.31952 68 13.20891 82 5.02403

13 12.67762 27 17.98395 41 20.95678 55 19.02631 69 13.57441

14 13.10923 28 19.26443 42 21.43603 56 19.42257 70 14.41425

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 RESULT:RADIAL FORCES CONT…
Fig11: Radial force pattern on LV coil.
Radial Force
25

20
Force (kN)

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182

Turns

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 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS : WINDING CHARACTERISTICS AND ANALYSIS MODELLING
● When the transformer winding is subjected to electromagnetic force, winding deformation may be occurred. According to the
analysis theory of elastic – plastic deformation, the stress and strain control equation is

𝜕𝜎𝑟 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑟 𝜎𝑟 − 𝜎𝜃
+ + + fr = 0 (10)
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝑟

𝜕𝜎𝑧 𝜕𝜏𝑟𝑧 𝜏𝑟𝑧

+ + + fz = 0 (11)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝑟

● The relationship between winding strain and winding displacement can be solved based on the following equation,

𝜕𝑢𝑟 𝑢𝑟
𝜀𝑟 = ; 𝜀𝜃 = (12) & (13)
𝜕𝑟 𝑟

𝜕𝑢𝑧 𝜕𝑢𝑟 𝜕𝑢𝑧

𝜀𝑧 = ; 𝛾𝑟𝑧 = + (14) & (15)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟

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WINDING CHARACTERISTICS AND ANALYSIS MODELLING CONT….
● In the above equations,

𝜎𝑟 = radial stress
𝜎𝜃 = tangential stress
𝜎𝑧 = axial stress
𝜏𝑟𝑧 = shear stress
fr = radial electromagnetic force on winding.
fz = axial electromagnetic force on the winding.
𝜀𝑟 = radial strain
𝜀𝜃 = tangential strain
𝜀𝑧 = axial strain
𝛾𝑟𝑧 = shear strain
ur = radial displacement
uz = axial displacement

11/5/2019 37
 WINDING MATERIAL PROPERTIES
● The non linear mechanical characteristics of the copper conductor and spacer will have an important influence on the
calculation results and they are considered here.

● Below given are the stress – strain curve of the copper conductor and pressboard spacers.
(a) (b)
160 10

9
140
8
120
7
100
6
Stress (MPa)

Stress (MPa)
80 5

4
60
3
40
2
20
1

0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Strain (%) Strain (%)

Fig 12: Stress-Strain curve of (a) Copper and (b) Pressboard spacer.

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 3D MODEL FOR MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF POWER TRANSFORMER
● LV winding of transformer is selected for the calculation of mechanical characteristics during short circuit condition. This is
because compared to HV winding LV winding is subjected to large electromagnetic forces which is also prone to
deformations.
• There are 24 nos of
radial spacers per each
turn gap.

• Copper turns are 44

numbers of parallel
paper covered
conductors (PCC).

Pressboard radial
spacers

Copper turn

Fig 13: AUTOCAD model of LV coil

11/5/2019 39
 MESHING OF THE 3-D MODEL
● The model is analyzed using finite element method (FEM) in ANSYS STATIC STRUCTURAL.
● The 3-D model is meshed. After subdivision, the element number on LV coil is 555201 and number of nodes is 519084.

Fig 14: LV coil 3D model after meshing.

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 CALCULATION RESULT AND ANALYSIS
● At 0.01 S, The short circuit electromagnetic force reach maximum value and the winding is most prone to deformation and
failure. Therefore the stress and displacement distribution of the winding at this moment is emphatically analyzed.

Fig 15: Stress distribution Fig 16: Total deformation distribution

11/5/2019 41
 CALCULATION RESULT AND ANALYSIS CONT..
● Maximum stress obtained is 6.3292 MPa and the area of maximum stress is towards the top and bottom of the coil. It is
less than the yield strength of the copper conductor (119MPa).

● Maximum deformation obtained is 0.0036707 mm less than the allowable value of 25 mm

𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑋 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑋 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑟 74 𝑋 24 𝑋 40

● Area ratio of spacer to coil = = 74 𝑋 2 𝑋 𝜋 𝑋 428 = 35.698 %
𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑋 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

Which is near to the design acceptance value of 30 to 35 %

74 𝑋 20 𝑋 40
● If the no of radial spacers is reduced to 20, area ratio of spacer to coil = 74 𝑋 2 𝑋 𝜋 𝑋 428 = 29.748 % , Which is also acceptable

● As the no of radial spacers is reduced it would only do good to the oil cooling as the cooling arc has increased. If the
Maximum stress and total deformation is within the acceptable limit then this could be a new acceptable design.

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 COMPARISON OF PROCESSED COPPER
● Generally the conductor manufacturing industries receives copper in its YIELD
soft form. COPPER
STRENGTH(MPa)
● It is work hardened and annealed to obtain further varieties of copper
Soft annealed 40-80
desirable for transformer winding and processing.

● Generally soft annealed, half hard and hard copper are major varieties Half hard 100
with increasing yield strength and control proof stress varieties enhances
further increase in yield strength.
Hard 120
● Continuously transposed cables(CTC) have transpositions at fixed gaps and
this actually reduces winding complications. The transpositions at fixed CPR1 200
gaps helps to hold the conductors strongly, which improves yield strength
and having epoxy bonding in CTC makes it rock hard post processing.
CPR2 220

CPR3 260

Fig17: Typical CTC

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 RESULT:STRESS ANALYSIS OF MODIFIED LV COIL
● A new mechanical 3-D model of LV coil is drawn using AutoCAD , with 20 numbers of radial spacers per each layer. Its stress
and deformation analysis is performed using ANSYS STATIC STRUCTURAL analysis, following are the results

11/5/2019 44
CALCULATION RESULT AND MODIFICATION IN DESIGN
● In the modified design Maximum stress obtained is 40.489 MPa. Total deformation is 0.085039 mm. Both the
values are within the limits. Hence the design change of using 20 radial spacers instead of 24 is acceptable.

● Presently the LV coil is double helical type, wound with 44 parallel paper covered conductors (PCC). The winding
process would be too tedious using 44 parallel drums of thin conductors. More over the winding should have 43
numbers of transpositions which would further have more man-hours. Taking transpositions on thin PCCs can also
carry a risk of damaging a conductor and creating hotspots.

● Considering the points it is suggested to use Continuously transposed conductors (CTC) to wind the LV coil. In
addition to eliminating above mentioned limitations it also makes the conductor bunch more stronger due to
continuous transpositions.
Epoxy bonding or controlled proof stress varieties of copper are not required as the maximum stress
is safely below the limit of work hardened and annealed copper.

11/5/2019 45
 CONCLUSIONS
● Necessary parameters were identified to obtain the 3D model of the subject power transformer and the
model is realized.

● The model was solved using finite element method and the radial and axial component of forces were
obtained on each disks of the LV coil

● The axial force is very larger compared to the radial force so this shall be used for the further analysis.

● 3-D mechanical model was created using AutoCAD. It was solved for stress and total deformation using
finite element method in ANSYS static structural analysis . The values were within limits.

● Considering the spacer to coil area ratio a design change is suggested to use 20 radial spacers instead of
24. The change was validated by verifying the stress and total deformation. This reduces material cost up
to 16% approx. and improves cooling.

● It is also suggested to change the winding material from PCC to CTC. This would reduce man hour by
reducing risks and toil involved in winding.

11/5/2019 46
 REFERENCES
[1] S. Wang ,Sh. Wang , N. Zhang , D. Yuan, and H.Qiu .,” Calculation and Analysis of Mechanical Characteristics of
Transformer Windings Under Short-Circuit Condition” IEEE Trans.Magn.,2019.

[2] G. B. Kumbhar and S. V. Kulkarni, “Analysis of short-circuit performance of split-winding transformer using coupled
field-circuit approach,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 936–943,Apr. 2007.

[3] H. Zhang et al., “Dynamic deformation analysis of power transformer windings in short-circuit fault by FEM,” IEEE
Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1–4, Jun. 2014.

[4] H.-M. Ahn, Y.-H. Oh, J.-K. Kim, J.-S. Song, and S.-C. Hahn, “Experimental verification and finite element analysis of
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