LESSON 28: BIONERGETICS UTILIZATION OF

ENERGY
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
 oxidation of food molecules to produce energy
(in the form of ATP) through a series of
cytoplasmic and mitochondrial-linked
enzymatic pathways
 consumes O2 and produces CO2
METABOLISM
 a highly coordinated cellular activity in which
many multi-enzyme systems (metabolic
pathways) cooperate to:
1. obtain chemical energy
2. convert nutrient molecules into the cell’s
own characteristic molecules
3. polymerize monomeric precursors into
biomolecules
4. synthesize and degrade biomolecules
METABOLISM IS COMPOSED OF…
 CATABOLISM
• breaking down of biochemical fuels to
extract energy (energy-yielding
processes)
 ANABOLISM
• building up of biomolecules necessary to
sustain life (energy-requiring)
CATABOLIC PATHWAY
 Release energy by breaking down complex
molecules to simpler compounds (ex. Glucose
broken down to CO2 and H2O)
 REDUCTION-OXIDATION (redox) REACTIONS
 Reduction (gain of electrons) (oxidizing
agents) (reduced)
 Oxidation (loss of electrons) (reducing agents)
(oxidized)
Types of cell works that require energy in the form of
ATP
 Mechanical – beating of cilia; contraction of
muscle cells; cytoplasmic flow
 Transport – active transport
 Chemical – synthesis of polymers from
monomers
OVERVIEW OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
4 MAJOR STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
 GLYCOLYSIS
 CITRIC ACID CYCLE
 ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION / ATP
SYNTHESIS
1. GLYCOLYSIS
 GLYCOSE (old name for glucose); LYSIS
(degradation)
 a series of reactions that converts glucose to
pyruvate with accompanying production of
ATP and NADH
 CYTOSOL
 also called GLYCOLYTIC PATHWAY or EMBDEN-
MEYERHOFF PATHWAY
1. GLYCOLYSIS
 to allow extraction of energy and conserve it
in the form of ATP
 to generate important biosynthetic precursors
TWO PHASES OF GLYCOLYSIS
 ENERGY INVESTMENT PHASE
• uses 2 ATP molecules
 ENRGY PAY-OFF PHASE
• generates 4 ATP and 2 NADH
1. GLYCOLYSIS
 2. CITRIC ACID CYCLE/TRICARBOXYL ACID CYCLE
(TCA)/KREBS CYCLE
 final common pathway for the oxidation of fuel
molecules
 operates under aerobic conditions only
 mitochondrial matrix
 an amphibolic pathway – serves both catabolic and
anabolic processes:
• central to the catabolism of carbohydrates, fatty
acids and amino acids
• provides precursors for many biosynthetic
pathways
3. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
 a series of reaction wherein electrons and H+
from NADPH and FADH2 are passed to
intermediate carriers before being accepted
ultimately by O2 to produce H2O
3. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
4. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION/ATP SYNTHESIS
 ATP SYNTHASE
• an enzyme complex containing the
catalytic site for the synthesis of ATP
ATP FORMATION
 proton flow effects a
change in the shape of
the ATP synthase
 change in shape
enables binding of ADP
and Pi to form ATP
(Proton-motive force)
 NOTE: coupled by a
protein gradient
RELATIONSHIP OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
2 KINDS OF RESPIRATION
 AEROBIC RESPIRATION
• respiration that uses O2
 ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION OR FERMENTATION
• respiration that does not uses O 2
2 TYPES OF FERMENTATION
PROCESS
 ETHANOL FERMENTATION
 Pyruvate from glycolysis loses carbon
dioxide and is converted into 2 carbon
compound acetaldehyde which is then
reduced to ethanol
 Produces NADH, H+
 Wine is produced by some bacteria through
this process
2 TYPES OF FERMENTATION
PROCESS
 LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
 Pyruvate from glycolysis is reduced to
lactate coupled with the oxidation of NADH,
H+.
 When oxygen is scarce, human muscle cells
may switch to anaerobic respiration leading
to the accumulation of lactate