PURPOSIVE

COMMUNICATION
Chapter 12: Organization and Outlines

Jasmin Castro
Louise Collene Chua
Mary Lorie Anne Corpuz
 12.1 RHETORICAL SITUATION

o Rhetoric- art of public speaking

o Rhetorical Situation- circumstances in
which you give your speech or
presentation

 By understanding rhetorical situation, you

can gauge the best ways to reach your
listeners and get your points across.
 3 Elements of Rhetorical Situation

CONTEXT AUDIENCE PURPOSE

• Explore the • Audience is • The purpose of
concept in one of the the speech is
depth basic central to its
• Time of components of formation
your speech communication • State the
• Place your • They have purpose in one
topic within wide range of sentence or
the frame of characteristics less
reference of • Consider
current alternate
events perspectives
12.2 STRATEGIES FOR SUCCESS
 Cognate strategies- ways of framing, expressing,
and representing a message to an audience
 Cognate- refers to knowledge, and these
strategies are techniques to impart knowledge to
your audience

 Helps to answers questions like

1. Does the audience understand how I’m
arranging my information?
2. Am I emphasizing my key points effectively?
3. How does my expression and representation of
information contribute to a relationship with the
audience?
 E
T Involves the
H speaker’s character
O and expertise
S

Aristotle’s L
Forms of O It is the logic of the
Rhetorical G speaker’s
Proof O presentation
S

P
A
The use of emotion as
T a persuasive element
H in the speech
O
S
 Nine Cognate Strategies
Aristotle’s Forms of Cognate Focus
Rhetorical Proof Strategies

Pathos • Tone • Expression

• Emphasis • Relevance
• Engagement • Relationship

Logos • Clarity • Clear understanding

• Conciseness • Key points
• Arrangement • Order, hierarchy,
placement
Ethos • Credibility • Character, trust
• Expectation • Norms and
• Reference anticipated outcomes
• Sources and frames
of reference
 Nine Cognate Strategies
Tone • Tone is the general manner of
expression of the message
• Consider the voice
• Consider how your tone is
expressed through body
language
Emphasis • Place emphasis-stress,
importance, or prominence- on
some aspects of the speech
• Consider relevance
Engagement • Form an interpersonal
relationship
• Eye contact
Clarity • Helps to understand the
message quickly
• Consider visual elements
Conciseness • Conciseness means being brief
and direct
• Being economical with time
Arrangement • Organization of the information
Credibility • Trust is the key to build
relationships with the audience
• Credibility comes from the word
“Credence” or belief
• Cultivating a sense of your
character
Expectation • Involves the often unstated,
eager anticipation of the norms,
roles and outcomes
Reference • Involves attention to the source
and way you present your
information
• Information you display must be
within the frame
 12.3 BUILDING A SAMPLE SPEECH
FIVE-FINGER MODEL OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

Attention The attention statement is the way you focus the

Statement audience’s attention on you and your speech
Introductio Your introduction introduces you and your topic, and
n should establish a relationship with your audience and
state your topic clearly
Body In the body, or main content area of your speech, you
naturally turn to one of the organizational patterns
Conclusion Your conclusion should provide the audience with a
sense of closure by summarizing the main points and
relating the points to the overall topic
Residual The residual message is an idea or thought that stays
Message with your audience well after the speech.
12.4 SAMPLE SPEECH OUTLINES
 Outline-is a framework that organizes
main ideas and subordinate ideas
 Speech Outline A- presents a generic
outline in a classical style
 Speech Outline B- is an alternate outline
form you may want to use to develop
your speech
 SPEECH OUTLINE A

Attention Device Verbal and Visual

Statement Delivery
Introduction • Main idea
• Common ground
Body • I. Main idea: Point 1
Subpoint 1
A. 1. Specific information 1
A. 2. Specific information 2
• II. Main idea: Point 2
Subpoint 2
B. 1. Specific information 1
B. 2. Specific information 2
• III. Main idea: Point 3
Subpoint 3
C. 1. Specific information 1
C. 2. Specific information 2
Conclusion • Summary, main points 1-3
Residual • Main idea
Message
 SPEECH OUTLINE B

Attention Device Cognate Strategies,

Statement Verbal and Visual
Delivery
Introduction • General purpose statement
or thesis statement
• Common ground
Body • Point 1
• Point 2
• Point 3
Conclusion • Summarize main points
and reinforce common
ground
Residual • Reiterate thesis
Message
12.5 ORGANIZING PRINCIPLES FOR
YOUR SPEECH
SAMPLE ORGANIZING PRINCIPLES FOR A SPEECH
Organizing Principles
1. Time (Chronological)
2. Comparison
3. Contrast
4. Cause and Effect
5. Problem and Solution
6. Classification (Categorical)
Explanation
Shows a series of events
Similarities and/or differences
between points
Highlights the differences between
items and concepts
Establishes a relationship between
two events
State the problem and how it is
solved
Establishing categories
7. Biographical Examining specific people as they
relate to the central topic
8. Space (Spatial) Involves parts of something and
how they fit to form the whole
9. Ascending and Descending Focusing on quantity and quality
10. Psychological Focusing on their inherent needs
and wants
11. Elimination Involves outlining all the
possibilities
12. Ceremonial: Events,
Ceremonies, or Celebrations
13. Awards
14. Toast: Weddings or Similar
Gatherings
15. Speaker Introductions
16. After-Dinner Speech
17. Oral Interpretation
 12.6 TRANSITIONS

 Transitions-are words,
phrases, or visual devices
that help the audience follow
the speaker’s ideas.
TYPES OF TRANSITIONS IN SPEECHES

TYPE DEFINITION
1. Internal Previews Brief statement referring to a
point you are going to make
2. Signposts Alerts the audience that you are
moving from one topic to the next
3. Internal Summaries Covers information or alludes to
information introduced previously
4. Sequence Transition Outlines a hierarchical order or
series
5. Time Focuses on the chronological
aspects
6. Addition Build on a previous point
7. Similarity Draws a parallel between two
ideas
8. Comparison Draws distinction between two
ideas
9. Contrast Draws a distinction of difference
10. Cause and Effect or Result Illustrates a relationship between
two ideas
11. Examples Illustrates a connection between a
point and an example
12. Place Refers to a location, often in a
spatially organized speech, of one
point of emphasis to another
13. Clarification Restates or further develops a
main idea or point
14. Concession Indicates knowledge of contrary
information
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING
