Академический Документы
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Культура Документы
N
Goals
S
U Clinical Goals:
L Elimination of ketosis.
Elimination of hyperglycemia and it’s symptoms.
I Prevention of chronic complications.
N
Additional Goals:
I Maintaining desirable weight.
Maintaining normal growth and sexual maturation.
N Maintaining psychosocial well-being.
Achieving normal fertility and pregnancy.
J Sustaining normal family and sexual life.
E Control Goals:
C HbA1c <7%.
Pre-meal SMBG 80-120 mg/dl (4.4-6.7 mmol/l).
T Bed time SMBG 100-140 mg/dl (5.6-7.8 mmol/l).
No ketonuria.
I Mean blood glucose level 120-160 mg/dl (6.7-8.9 mmol/l).
N
Highlights
S
U Insulin:
Type 1 diabetes is dependent on insulin for survival.
Insulin is classified by source or duration of action.
L Human insulin has less allergy or lipoatrophy.
More than one injection is needed and different types.
I Proper action During honeymoon phase.
The commonest side effect is hypoglycemia.
N
Nutrition:
Enable near normal blood glucose level.
I Maintain a reasonable body weight.
Protein 10-20%, Fat 15-25%, Carbohydrate 65%.
Fibers, vitamins, and minerals.
N Food exchanges or carbohydrate counting.
Total daily calorie intake adjustment.
J
E
Exercise:
Should be integrated.
Weight control and improve well being.
C Pre-exercise medical evaluation.
T Monitoring:
Glucometer use SMBG to monitor blood glucose level.
I Adjustment of insulin, diet, and exercise.
Urine testing for both glucose and ketones.
O HbA1c the best index for control.
N
Insulin Preparations
S
U
Action Name Onset Duration
Very rapid Lispro / Novo rapid 10-15 min 2-3 hrs
L
Rapid Crystalline zinc (CZI) 30-45 min 4-6 hrs
Intermediate Neutral Protamine
I
Hagedorn (NPH) 1-2 hrs 6-12 hrs
Lente zinc
N
Long acting Ultralente zinc 6-8 hrs 18 hrs
Lantus (glargine) 4-8 hrs 24 hrs
Premixed 80% NPH+20%CZI 30-45 min 6-12 hrs
I
70% NPH+30%CZI 30-45 min 6-12 hrs
50% NPH+50%CZI 30-45 min 6-12 hrs
N
O
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
N
Insulin Mixing
S (1)
Action Name Mix
U (2)
Very rapid Lispro / Novo rapid Yes
L
(2)
I
Rapid Crystalline zinc (CZI) Yes
N (2)
Intermediate Neutral Protamine Yes(2)
Hagedorn (NPH) Yes
I (2)
Lente zinc Yes
N
J
Long acting Ultralente zinc No
Lantus (glargine) No_
E