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Lesson 13

Normal
Distribution
The Normal Distribution

The Standard Normal

Standard Normal Probabilities:


(The table is based on the area P under the standard normal
probability curve, below the respective z-statistic.)
Example 1:
Find the following standard normal probabilities:
(a) P( z  0.73) (b) P( z  0.64)
(c) P( z  1.51) (d ) P ( z  2.03)
(e) P (0.80  z  1.43) ( f ) P(0.33  z  1.99)

Solution:
Based on Standard Normal Table:
(a) P( z  0.73)  0.7673

(b) P( z  0.64)  0.2611

(c ) P ( z  1.51)  0
1 –.9345
0.9345
(d ) P( z  2.03)  0.9788

(e) P(0.80  z  1.43)  0.9236  0.2119  0.7117

( f ) P(0.33  z  1.99)  0.9767  0.6293  0.3474


Example 2:
Find the z  score z  z 0 such that :
(a) P( z  z 0 )  0.9750 (b) P( z  z 0 )  0.1314
(c) P( z  z 0 )  0.1230 (d ) P( z  z 0 )  0.9966

Solution:
Based on Standard Normal Table:
(a) P( z  z 0 )  0.9750 , z 0  1.96

(b) P( z  z 0 )  0.1314 , z 0  1.12

(c) P( z  z 0 )  0.1230 , z 0  1.16

(d ) P( z  z 0 )  0.9966 , z 0  2.71
Normal Probabilities

Any normally distributed variable x, with given mean and


given standard deviation can be converted to the standard
normal variable z using the formula.

x
z

Example 3:
A supplier manufactures bolts whose diameter is normally
distributed with a mean of 2.60 mm, and a standard
deviation of 0.02 mm. Find the probability that a bolt has a
diameter of:
(a)Less than 2.625 mm
(b)Less than 2.586 mm
(c)More than 2.623 mm
(d)More than 2.579 mm
(e)Between 2.576 mm and 2.619 mm
Solution:
x
Since   2.6 and   0.02 , z  becomes

x - 2.6
z , where the variable x is the diameter
0.02

 2.625  2.6 
(a ) P( x  2.625)  P z  
 0 . 02 
 P z  1.25
 0.8944 (From Table )

 2.586  2.6 
(b) P( x  2.586)  P z  
 0 .02 
 P z  0.7 
 0.2420 (From Table )
 2.623  2.6 
(c) P( x  2.623)  P z  
 0 .02 
 P z  1.15
 0.1251 (From Table)

 2.579  2.6 
(d ) P( x  2.579)  P z  
 0.02 
 P z  1.05
 0.8531 (From Table)

 2.576  2.6 2.619  2.6 


(e) P(2.576  x  2.619)  P z 
 0.02 0 . 02 
 P 1.2  z  0.95
 P( z  0.95)  P( z  1.20)
 0.8289  0.1151 (From Table )
 0.7138
Example 4:
A brand of electric light bulbs has a life-time which is
normally distributed with a mean of 1200 hours and a
standard deviation of 180 hours. Find the life-time L such
that:
(a)Only 5% of light bulbs have a life-time longer than L
hours.
(b)97.5% of light bulbs have a life-time longer than L hours.
Solution:
x
Since   1200 and   180 , z  becomes

x  1200
z , where the variable x is the life  time
180

x  1200
Rearrangin g : z 
180
x  180 z  1200

When x  L, denoting the corespondi ng z  score by z  z 0


gives L  180 z 0  1200
(a) Since 5% of light bulbs have a life  time longer than L hours
P( x  L)  0.05
 P( x  L)  1  0.0 5
 0.95
So, z 0 satisfies the equation P( z  z 0 )  0.95
From table, z0  1.645
L  180 1.645  1200
 1496 .1

Hence, the life-time is approximately 1492 hours.


(b) Since 97.5% of light bulbs have a life  time longer than L hours
P( x  L)  0.975
 P( x  L)  1  0.97 5
 0.025
So, z 0 satisfies the equation P( z  z 0 )  0.025
From table , z 0  1.96
L  180  1.96  1200
 847.2

Hence, the life-time is approximately 847 hours.


Exercise 1:
1. A computer network has several hundred computers.
During an 8 hours period, there are on average seven
computers not functioning. Find the probability that
during 8 hours period
(a) nine (b) five
do not function. Answers:
1(a) 0.1014 (b) 0.1277

2. A workforce has on average two people absent through


illness on any given day. Find the probability that on a
typical day
(a) two (b) at least three (c) less than four
people are absent.

Answers:
2(a) 0.2707 (b) 0.3233 (c) 0.8571
3. A random variable x, has a standard normal distribution.
Calculate the probability that x lies in the following
intervals.
(a) (0.25 , 0.75) (b) (-0.3 , 0.1)
(c) (-1.7 , -0.2)
Answers:
3(a) 0.1747 (b) 0.1577 (c) 0.3762

4. A random variable x, has a normal distribution with


mean 4 and standard deviation 0.8. Calculate the
probability that
(a) 3.0  x  4.4 (b) 2.5  x  3.9
(c) x  4.6 (d ) x  4.2

Answers:
4(a) 0.5858 (b) 0.4199 (c) 0.2266 (d) 5987
5. A machine produces car pistons. The diameter of the
pistons follows a normal distribution, mean 6.04 cm with
the standard deviation of 0.02 cm. The piston is
acceptable if its diameter is in the range 6.010 cm to 6.055
cm. What percentage of pistons is acceptable?

Answer:
5. 71%

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