Material Non Logam

Keramik
MAM007
Introduction
Asywendi Rukini
  This compulsory class weight 2 credits (MAM007 2 SKS)
 Please dress politely and use SHOES in the class
 Please be on time, the class scheduled every Tuesday from 10.35-
12.15 WITA in BNI 2

 Teaching Evaluation will be

 Kehadiran 10%
Introduction  Presentasi dan makalah kelompok 20%
 Ujian Tengah Semeter (UTS) 30%
and Rules  Ujian Akhir Semester (UAS) 40%

 Submit assignment via e-mail through this address:

asywendi@gmail.com
 Please inform me ahead before consultation request
 Please select one class representation
 Week Material
1st Definisi dan sejarah keramik
2nd Struktur molekul dan struktur kristal keramik
3rd Jenis ikatan dan struktur Kristal tipe AX, AmXp, AmBnXp
4th Kepadatan material keramik
5th Struktur kristal keramik jenis silika
6th Struktur Kristal keramik jenis silica (lanjutan) dan karbon
7th Diagram fasa dan transformasi keramik
Syllabus 8th
9th
Ujian Tengah Semester (UTS)
Diagram fasa dan transformasi keramik (lanjutan)
10th Cacat pada keramik
11th Difusi material ionic dan pengotor pada keramik
12th Sifat mekanik material keramik
13th Sifat mekanik keramik (lanjutan) dan deformasi plastis
14th Jenis-jenis keramik konvensional dan aplikasi keramik
15th Jenis-jenis keramik konvensional dan aplikasi keramik (lanjutan)
16th Ujian Akhir Semester (UAS)
  Ceramics materials were discussed briefly in previous subject:
Materials Introduction Class
 Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic
elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides and carbides
 For example, some of the common ceramics materials include
aluminum oxides (or alumina, Al2O3), silicon dioxide (or silica
Introduction (SiO2), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si3N4), and in
addition, what some refer to as traditional ceramics (from clay
minerals or porcelain) as well as cement and glass.
 Ceramics are inorganic and nonmetallic, where most ceramics are
compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements for which
the interatomic bonds are either totally ionic or predominantly
ionic but having some covalent character.
  The term “ceramic” comes from the Greek words keramikos, which
means “burn stuff”
 Indicating that desirable properties of these materials are
normally achieved through a high temperature heat treatment
called firing.
 Up until the past 60 or so years, the most important materials in
this class were termed the “traditional ceramics” those for which
the primary raw material is clay: china, porcelain, bricks, tiles,
History glasses and high temperature ceramics.
 As significant progress has been made in understanding the
fundamental character of ceramics >> consequently, new
generation of ceramics has evolved and the term of ceramics has
taken on a much broader meaning.
 These days, the new ceramics have a rather dramatic effect on our
daily lives such as in electronic, computer, communication,
aerospace, and a host of other industries.
  Some of the properties of ceramics may be explained y their
structures, for examples
Why study  a) the optical transparency of inorganic glass material is due to
structure and their noncrystallinity

properties of  b) hydroplasticity o interaction of clays is related to interaction

between water molecules and the clay structure
ceramics?  c) the permanent magnetic and ferroelectric behavior of some
ceramic materials are explained by their crystal structures
2nd Meet Ceramic Structure
  Because ceramics are composed of at least two elements, and
often more, their crystal structures are generally more complex
than those for metals
 The atomic bonding in ceramics ranges from purely ionic to totally
covalent; many ceramics exhibits combination of these two
bonding types, the degree of ionic character being dependent on
Ceramic the electronegativities of the atoms

Structures
  For those ceramics materials for which the atomic bonding is
predominantly ionic, the crystal structure may be thought of as
being composed of electrically charged ions instead of atoms.
 The metallic ions (cations), are positively charged, because the
have given up their valence electron to nonmetallic ions, or
anions).
Crystal
 Two characteristics of the component ions in crystalline ceramics
Structures influence the crystal structure:
 The magnitude of the electrical charged on each of the component
ions
 The relative size of the cations and anions

 The crystal must be electrically neutral, the chemical formula of

the compound indicates the ratio of the cations and anions.
  The second criterion involves the sizes or ionic radii of cations (rc
and ra)
 Because the metallic ions give up electrons when ionized, cations
Crystal are ordinarily smaller than anions, and consequently, the ration
rc/ra is less than unity
structure  Stable ceramics crystal structures form when those anions
(continued) surrounding a cation are all in contact with the cation
  Coordination number is
related to the cation anion
radius ratio
Crystal  For a specific coordination
number there is critical or
structure minimum rc/ra ratio for
which this cation anion
(continued) contact established; this
ratio may be determined
from pure geometrical
considerations
Minimum
cation to anion
Radius Ration
for a
coordination
number
Ceramic
Crystal
Structure
Prediction
  Rock salt structure : NaCl, MgO, MnS, LiF and FeO

AX type
Crystal  Cessium chloride : CsCl
structure

 Zinc blend structure (sphalerite) : ZnS

http://www.dawgsdk.org/crystal/en/library/zinc-blende#0000
http://www.chemtube3d.com/solidstate/_fluorite(final).htm
  Fluorite CaF2, ZrO2, UO2, PuO2, ThO2

AmXp type
Crystal
structure
  It is also possible for ceramic compounds to have more than one
type of cation; for two types of cations (represented by A and B),
their chemical formula may be designated as AmBnXp
 For example BaTiO3 (perovskite crystal structure)
AmBnXp type
Crystal
structure
Summary of
some common
ceramics
  For metals, closed-packed planes of atoms stacked on one
another generate both FCC and HCP structure
 Similarly, a number of ceramic crystal structure may be
Crystal considered in terms of closed-packed planes of ions, as well as unit
structure from cells
 The interstitial for closed-packed in ceramics exists as tetrahedral
the close and octahedral position
packing of
anions
  It is possible to compute the theoretical density of a crystalline
ceramic materials from unit cell data in a manner similar to
equation for metals
 In this case the density ρ may be determined using a modified
form of the mentioned equation as follows
Ceramic
Density
Computation
Ceramic
Density
Computation
  Silicate are composed primarily of silicon and oxygen, the two most
abundant elements in the earth’s crust.
 Consequently, the bulk of soils, rocks, clay, and sand come under the
silicate classification.
 Rather than characterizing the crystal structures of these materials in
terms of unit cells, it is more convenient to use various arrangements of
an SiO44− tetrahedron.
Silicate  Each atoms of silicon is bonded to four oxygen atoms; which are
situated in the corner of tetrahedron
ceramics  Often silicates are not considered to be ionic because there is a
significant covalent character to the interatomics Si-O bonds which are
directional and relatively strong
  Chemically, the most simple silicate material is silicon dioxide, or
silica (SiO2)
 Structurally, it is a three dimensional network that is generated
when every corner oxygen atom in each tetrahedron is shared by
Silica adjacent tetrahedral.
 Thus the material is electrically neutral and all atoms have stable
electronic structure.